Tectonic dongosolo. Oyambirira dongosolo tectonic

Tectonic kapangidwe - ndi madera akuluakulu chipolopolo molimba kunja kwa dzikoli. Iwo okha ndi zolephera kwambiri. Movement ndi kapangidwe ka kutumphuka ndi kuphunzira mu chimango cha khalidwe monga tectonics.

mwachidule

Kapangidwe Tectonic ankafufuza ntchito sanjira Hrs, njira geophysical (zivomerezi, makamaka) komanso pobowola. Kuphunzira malo awa ikuchitika mogwirizana ndi gulu anavomera. Imafufuza nthaka sing'anga ndi yaing'ono mawonekedwe kukula kwa pafupifupi 10 kuchokera mu gawo mtanda, tectonics - mapangidwe lalikulu, pa 100 Km. The woyamba amatchedwa dislocations a mitundu yosiyanasiyana (discontinuous, injective ndi zina zotero.). Gulu lachiwiri amatanthauza synclinoria ndi anticlinoria m'madera apangidwe aulacogens, syncline, anticline mwa apo ndi apo, zishango, perikratornyh subsidence. gulu ili mulinso m'madzi chabe ndi yogwira masamba chokhala, nsanja, geosynclinal lamba, nyanja, orogenes, zitunda m'ma nyanja kugawanika kotereku kumachitika, ndi zina zotero. Izi kwambiri zikuluzikulu nyumba tectonic yokutidwa chipolopolo molimba adayitana lithosphere komanso chozama.

Gawo

Superglobals wamkulu dongosolo tectonic kufika mamiliyoni mamita lalikulu. Km m'dera ndi zikwi makilomita a mulitali. Kukhala mu mbiri miyala ya siteji dziko. Global tectonic kapangidwe - ndi mapangidwe kuti nyamulani 10 miliyoni sq. Km. kutalika ukufika makilomita zikwi zingapo. Kutalika kwa moyo wawo mogwirizana ndi ziwembu za m'mbuyomo. Kupereka nayenso subglobal tectonic dongosolo la matanthwe a. Iwo amakhala kudera la mamita ambirimbiri lalikulu. Km ndipo akutambasula zikwi makilomita. Nthawi ya chitukuko - zaka zoposa 1 biliyoni.

Main tectonic kapangidwe

Yachokera umodzi kusamutsidwa wachibale monolithic akutali lithospheric mbale. Kuti tsiku ndi zazikulu kwambiri kuposa 7 ndi 11-13 ziwembu ang'onoang'ono. Zoyambazo zikuphatikizapo Eurasian, North America ndi South America, Africa, m'mayiko a Australia, Pacific, Antarctic tectonic dongosolo. Kwa mabungwe ang'onoang'ono monga Philippines, misondodzi, Caribbean mbale, kokonati, ndi zina zotero Nazca.

mapangidwe zikukhudza

Izi dongosolo tectonic anapambulwa mbale lithospheric. Pakati pawo, choyamba kusiyanitsa kugawanika kotereku kumachitika. Iwo anawagawa chokhala ndi m'ma nyanja. mawonekedwe Recent padziko lonse, kutalika kwa amene ali oposa 64 zikwi. Km. Zitsanzo za malo amenewa angathe kutumikira East Africa (waukulu mu dziko), Baikalsky. mtundu wina wa nyumba vuto ndi Sinthani malo kugaŵa kugawanika kotereku kumachitika perpendicular. Mu mizere awo ati kusinthaku m'madera yopingasa mbale lithospheric moyandikana nawo.

nsanja

Iwo pang'onopang'ono okhwima crustal atilakwira. malo awa akhala mokwanira yaitali gawo la chitukuko. Nsanja zosiyana atatu-tiered dongosolo. Kapangidwe awo galasi alipo maziko amene anapanga basalt ndi lubwe-gneiss zigawo. Nsanja komanso olekanitsidwa nyanja chivundikirocho. zigawo Tinthu maziko anapanga miyala metamorphic, mu makutu ankangodzigwera. Zonsezi ndi zovuta anagumula makulidwe a kulowerera ntchafu (makamaka acidic kukhala ndi zikuchokera pafupifupi). Malinga ndi zaka mapangidwe maziko, nsanja lagawidwa achinyamata ndi wakale nyumba tectonic. Omaliza monga phata la maiko, kutenga centerpiece awo. maphunziro wamng'ono anaika pa periphery awo. Mu zigawo nyanja chivundikiro ali ambiri nedislotsirovannye lagoon, zikawonongeka ndipo nthawi yosowa chokhala ndi mpweya.

Mapanelo ndi mbale

Izi mitundu ya nyumba tectonic ali m'magulu malinga limatchula za dongosolo miyala. Chishango otchedwa nsanja gawo limene maziko olimba ndi padziko, i.e. alibe chitayiko. Mu mpumulo mapanelo amene timapemphera, monga kulamulira, zitunda zathyathyathya ndi zitunda. Mbale ndi nsanja kapena zigawo zawo, zimaonetsa amphamvu wosanjikiza nyanja. mapangidwe awo amayamba ndi subsidence ndi kulakwa m'madzi. The zimachititsa chilumbachi zigawo mbale zambiri kulingana m'zigwa ndi zomwe zili.

anteclise

Iwo akuyimira waukulu zabwino mapangidwe zigawo mbale. The pamwamba zapansi otukukira kunja. Chivundikiro nyanja si yodziwika ndi mphamvu zazikulu. Mapangidwe anteclises ikuchitika chifukwa cha tectonic kulimbikitsa m'deralo. Pa nkhani imeneyi, M'maso ambiri masiku m'madera pafupi oterewa si kuonedwa mu iwo.

Magulu ndi zolosera

Iwo dera nyumba anteclises. Magulu awa akuimira mbali apamwamba a iwo. Iwo ndiwo maziko kapena padziko, kapena aphimbidwa ndi dongosolo nyanja ya Quaternary. Kafukufuku kuitana a magulu a. Iwo amakhala ndi elongated kapena isometric highs chapansi, kufika awiri a 100 Km. Ndalama komanso m'manda zolosera. Pamwamba pawo chivundikiro nyanja ukufanizidwa mu mawonekedwe a achepetsa kudula.

syneclise

Iwo zoipa waukulu nyumba wapamwamba-dera nyumba mbale. pamwamba ndi concave maziko. Iwo yodziwika ndi pansi athyathyathya ndipo kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zabwino osaya kwambiri kuviika pa malo otsetsereka. Syncline popangidwa ndi malo subsidence. Pa nkhani imeneyi, nyanja chivundikiro mkulu mphamvu zawo ndi zosiyana.

monocline

nyumba izi zimasiyana tectonic formations otsetsereka mbali. ngodya zawo za zochitika ndi kawirikawiri kuposa 1 digiri. Malinga Mulingo wa nyumba zabwino ndi zoipa, limene lili pakati pa malire Monocline gulu lake angakhalenso osiyana. formations Regional wa grabens nyanja chivundikiro chidwi, ochepa, ndipo chishalo. Recent zatenga udindo wapakatikati mu msinkhu wa pamwamba. Saddle pabwino pamwamba pa nyumba negative yowazungulira, koma zochepa positive.

orogen

Iwo yodziwika ndi kuwonjezeka lakuthwa mu makulidwe a matanthwe a. kumapiri-apangidwe anapanga pa mgwirizano wa mbali lithospheric. Ambiri a iwo, makamaka achinyamata, yodziwika ndi seismicity mkulu. Monga mfundo yofunika kwambiri ya gulu la kumapiri-apangidwe kwa m'badwo akutumikira formations. Iwo waikidwa pa strata wamng'ono ankangodzigwera. m'mapiri anasiyanitsidwa choncho:

1. Baikal.
2. Hercynian.
3. Caledonian.
4. Alpine.
5. Cimmerian.

Gawo ili ankaona kuti m'malo lachabechabe, asayansi ambiri amadziwa kupitiriza kwa yopindika lapansi.

Pindani-chipika magulu

nyumba awa anapanga chifukwa cha revitalization kayendedwe yopingasa ndi ofukula tectonic mmalire a kachitidwe kale anakumana ndi zambiri aononga kale. Pa nkhani imeneyi, khola-chipika kapangidwe ndi kawirikawiri wa Paleozoic ndi kale magawo zigawo. Relief magulu, zambiri zofanana ndi kasinthidwe wa formations anaŵerama thanthwe. Komabe, si nthawi zonse wapezeka m'madera apangidwe-chipika. Mwachitsanzo, mu ranges wamng'ono phiri zizigwirizana anticlinoria nyumba ndi synclinoria - intermountain toti. Mkati magawo apangidwe, komanso pa periphery awo zigwire, motero, m'mphepete ndi chibowo patsogolo ndi zigwa. Padziko formations izi imakonzedwa fragmental mankhwala coarse akuwuka kwa fupa lothyoka thanthwe formations - mchewere. Foredeep mapangidwe ndi chifukwa cha subduction m'madera lithospheric.

Chapakati Russian m'gawo

Aliyense akuluakulu achilengedwe zovuta zikufotokozedwa monga limodzi lalikulu geostructural dera. Kungakhale nsanja kapena pindani dongosolo la m'badwo makamaka nthaka. Aliyense chilli ali ndi mawu lolingana mu mpumulo. Onsewo ndi zikhalidwe zosiyana nyengo osbenno chivundikiro dziko. chidwi makamaka tectonic dongosolo Ural. M'boma lino ndi meganticlinorium, chomwe anticlinoria angapo elongated meridional nalekanitsa synclinoria. Last machesi kotenga zigwa, choyamba - zitunda. Kiyi Uraltausky anticline umadutsa maphunziro onse. Malinga zikuchokera madipoziti Riphean Ndizachidziwikire kuti panali subsidence kwambiri pa kudzikundikira awo. Pa nthawi yomweyo iye mobwerezabwereza m'malo yochepa kulimbikitsa. Pofika kumapeto kwa Riphean anayambitsa Baikal apangidwe. Anayamba kulera, khama mu Mathanthwe lapansi. Nthawi imeneyi, pafupifupi gawo inasanduka youma. Tikutero chifukwa kufalitsidwa chochepa kwambiri cha m'dambo, amene ankaimira ndi schists wobiriwira wotsika Mathanthwe mapangidwe, mabo ndipo quartzite. Tectonic Kapangidwe ka Ural mu gawo m'munsi Choncho anamaliza wake ulili Baikalian lopinda. Chifukwa, izo anapanga zinthu zina kuposa amene anauka pa nthawi ina. Akupitirizabe maphunziro maziko Timan-Pechora malire mu East nsanja European.

Siberia tectonic kapangidwe: Aldanskoye okwera

Education m'dera lino wapangidwa ndi mbiri isanayambe Proterozoic gneisses ndi schists. Iwo ali ndi Precambrian a nsanja Siberia. Komabe, ziyenera anati za ena zina mwa zinthu zimene ali dongosolo tectonic. Aldan Plateau zithandize meso-Cenozoic mbiri pakati pa madera a kum'mwera kwa North Baikal ndi nsanja. M'madera ambiri a crystalline chapansi miyala ali pamwamba pa madzi. Iwo amakhala ndi granites chabwino-grained, quartzite wakale, nsangalabwi ndi gneisses. Pa otsetsereka a kumpoto pali malo kumene maziko lagona pa akuya pafupifupi 1.5 Km. miyala ake intruded ndi intrusions granitic pamisinkhu yosiyanasiyana chitukuko miyala.

gawo European

Apa mapiri chidwi Khibiny. Kapangidwe Tectonic ndi kuligaŵa denudation kukwezeka zigwa. Iwo amakhala m'dera la Kola Peninsula ndi Karelia. Anapanga mapiri Khibiny tectonic dongosolo unachokera mu mawonekedwe a intrusions ndi dislocations. Iwo atsimikiziridwa pa mtunda. Zamchere zosiyanasiyana m'dera ukufanizidwa ndi mmodzi wa intrusions zovuta multiphase. Iwo lili kumalire gneyskogo Archaean ndi Proterozoic formations Mapangidwe Varzuga-Imandra ndi yopingasa fupa lothyoka woyendera nthambi kiyi wakupambana mumzere p. Kola - p. Niva.