Mpingo wa mafunsidwe a Robe (Moscow Kremlin): kufotokoza, mbiri ndi chidwi mfundo

Mpingo wa mafunsidwe a Robe ku Moscow anaonekera zinachitika Russian, pamene Orthodox Christianity kusintha okha popanda Byzantium chitukuko. Kumapeto kwa nthawi nkhawa, ndipo dziko anayamba wozungulira watsopano wa mbiri yake.

nthano

Mpingo wa mafunsidwe a Robe (Moscow Kremlin) anali opatulidwira ndi dongosolo la mpingo woyamba Russian Orthodox, Metropolitan Yona 1451 okumbukira chozizwitsa chinachitika. Chaka chino Tartar khamu Mazowsze anaima pafupi Moscow mabusa kale moto, ndi makoma a boma la Russia woterowu ndi asilikali mdani. Anthu anatenga mbali kumbuyo, ankamenya nawo nkhondo pafupi, kugwa pansi mivi ya mdani. Ngakhale panali nkhondo, Metropolitan Yona anapanga gulu mozungulira makoma, anapemphera ndi mtima wonse kuti chipulumutso cha Moscow kwa adani.

Malinga ndi nthano, panthawi ya pemphero la Yona anakumana wokonda moyo wodzimana Chudov ansembe yotchedwa Anthony namfunsa kupempherera mzinda, ndi okhala zimene munthu wakale anayankha kuti anawapulumutsa modabwitsa Moscow ndipo adzakhala nkhondoyi mmodzi yekha anapha - Anthony yekha. Kukhala ananena kuti, munthu wakale Anagwa anamulasa ndi muvi. Pofika madzulo, ankhondowo anabwerera ku makoma, ndi anthu ndi Metropolitan anapemphera usiku wonse, kukonzekera nkhondo zoopsa. M'bandakucha, kunapezeka kuti Chitata khamu mu liwiro anathawa kunkhondo, kusiya ndi abe onse.

anali Kodi chifukwa ndege - silikudziwika, asayansi amakhulupirira kuti Mazovia tinalandira uthenga uliwonse lomwe anaganiza kuti nkhondo chilibe ntchito ndipo mwina zopanda nzeru mantha atapezeka asilikali onse, ndi kusiya nyamazo, iwo anachoka danga nkhondo. Zimenezi zachitika kale pansi makoma Kremlin ndi gulu Batu Khan. Metropolitan Yona ankaganiza kuti chozizwitsa cha Mulungu watipulumutsako mzinda ndi dziko lisawonongeke ndi kupha.

Maloto mpingo mwala

Malinga ndi zikalata zina, Metropolitan pabwalo pa boma la Russia ndi Cathedral Square inamangidwa nthawi yaitali. Mu chaka cha nkhondo ya mpingo Mazovia kale anamanga, koma osati wodzipereka. Pambuyo kupulumutsidwa mozizwitsa Yona anaganiza Yeretsani kachisi polemekeza holide, amene anapulumutsidwa. Umu ndi momwe Mpingo wa mafunsidwe a Robe (Moscow Kremlin). Nyumba woyamba chinapangidwa nkhuni ndi anaima pa chapansi mkulu, kumene mogwirizana ndi mwambo wakale, adasunga chuma Metropolitan ndi zinthu zina zamtengo wapatali.

Kachisi anaima mpaka 1479 ndipo anafa mu moto waukulu. Tinaganiza kutsitsimutsa kachisi ndi kale mu mwala umunthu, omwe anaitanidwa ambuye ku Pskov, omwe asangalala ndi mwambo wa zomangamanga mwala. Zigawenga kutsogoleredwa ndi Ivan Krivtsov ndi Myshkin. Mwambo wa nyumba mwala pa nthawi imeneyo mu Russia sali patatha zaka za ulamuliro wa Mongolia - yekha opezeka Pskov ambuye.

Iwo anauzidwa kuti kumanga osati kachisi wa mafunsidwe a Robe mu Cathedral Square wa Moscow Kremlin, komanso kumanga Matchalitchi angapo pamlingo waukulu kwambiri. Mmodzi wa iwo, Akukwera, adapereka, koma anapha chotsekeracho. Mu mbiri izo kuti "panali wamantha kwambiri," ndipo izi zinachititsa kuti chiwonongeko, tsopano si bwino. Chifukwa cha akatswiri inanena kuti chifukwa icho chinali njira otsika kwambiri umagwiritsidwa ntchito yomanga, monga wounikira zinali zoona, mbiri chete.

Pskov njira

Choncho zinachitikadi kuti anapangitsa Mfundo Cathedral inamangidwa ndi Tsar Ivan III Italy wamanga Aristotle Fioravanti, ndi kusintha kwinanso kwa gulu loyimba mapulani akadali angayerekeze kupatsa Myshkin ndi Krivtsov.

ntchito zawo kuti adakula Annunciation Cathedral ndi Mpingo wa mafunsidwe a Robe (Moscow Kremlin), omwe anakhala mpingo kunyumba ya Russian Makolo akale. Akukhulupirira kuti Pskov ambuye, monga mwa chilamulo cha nthawi yake, anakhala ophunzira a wamanga Italy kukabwereka kwa onse chidziwitso, kuwonjezera katundu wawo. Monga zinachitika - silikudziwika, pali lingaliro, chifukwa antchito sudzasiyidwa osapatsidwa chilango, ndi kumanga zina anapatsidwa, koma nkhani zachitika.

Kachisi wa mafunsidwe a Robe mu Moscow Kremlin anali opatulidwira ku August 1486. Nyumba za mpingo anali malo opempherera ya makolo akale pansi kwa makalasi a mpando kachipembedzo ndi mabishopu, Nikon. M'masiku amenewo anawatcha "nyumba Vladychnaya" kusintha mkati izo olumikizidwa kwa bwalo umutu, analandira "kudzozedwa" Mbuye wa Mpingo kuchokera kwa anthu kupyolera denga la mpingo Kremlin Rizopolozhensky.

kupenta kachisi

Against maziko a nyumba otsalira a mpingo Kremlin Cathedral Square lero akuwoneka tomwe opepuka, koma pachiyambi cha Orthodox mu Russia, iye anali kapena mpingo waukulu wa dziko lonse. Kamangidwe mkati laperekedwa kwa kukondwerera ndi ulemerero wa Amayi a Mulungu.

The frescoes mlingo chapamwamba zikusonyeza moyo wa Virgin, m'munsi awiri tiers odzipereka kwa Virgin Akathist. Painting anachita achifumu chizindikiro-amisiri - Osipov ndi Borisov, ndi kachisi zazikulu chifanizo cha "Dona Wathu kuika ya Robe" anali zojambulidwa ndi wotchuka chizindikiro zojambulajambula Nazaire Istomin (XVII m'ma).

Kwa Mpingo wa mafunsidwe a Robe (Moscow Kremlin) mu XVII m'zaka za kum'mwera ndi moyandikana nyumba yopemphereramo odzipereka Pechersk Icon wa Theotokos, amene amasunga mndandanda wa chizindikiro zozizwitsa, anapangidwa Lavra Kiev-Pechersk. chizindikirochi ankaona Mtetezi wa archdiocese Russian ndipo anali limodzi ndi mbadwa wa Mpingo wa Kiev, choyamba Vladimir ndipo kenako Moscow.

The Tsar a mpingo nyumba

Mu nthawi wobvutika pabwalo wa umutu yapsya monga kwambiri pa moto. Nikon anabwera zikuluzikulu yomanga ku bwalo la Boris Godunov, kwa iye ndi Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, limene kukonzera mpingo watsopano kunyumba. Choncho mafunsidwe mpingo wa Robe ku boma la Russia anasamukira ku banja lachifumu. Ndi zipinda zake mwayekha adalumikiza nkhani ya gallery, komanso mndandanda wa Pechersk chithunzi cha mayi pambuyo yomanga Terem Palace anaonekera kutsogolo kwa mazenera a zipinda Mfumukazi. mndandanda chinatayika pambuyo zisinthe, pamodzi ndi nyumba yopemphereramo, pamene ikuchitika yaikulu ntchito yobwezeretsa.

Mbiri ya mafunsidwe a Robe Mpingo mu Moscow Kremlin ndi zonse zochitika zambiri iye anakumana osati moto wina, zoipa za zomwe zinachitika mu chaka cha 1737, pamene kuonongeka, ngakhale Tsar Bell. Mu 1917, boma la Russia maganizo kuchokera zida zankhondo, ndi mpingo kwambiri kuonongeka. Kubwezeretsedwa ndi kumangidwanso maulendo ambiri monga pali anawonongedwa, koma koposa chidwi ankafunitsitsa maonekedwe akunja, kupenta mkati mobwerezabwereza kujambula, ntchito yatsopano.

zomangamanga

Lero, kachisi ili pa mafunsidwe a Robe Cathedral Square mu boma la Russia si yabwino kwambiri kuti iye ikani limodzi ndi Faceted Komiti, Terem Palace ndi Cathedral wa Akukwera. Against maziko a nyumba za mpingo izi ndi pafupifupi wosaoneka, koma msinkhu wake kuposa nyumba zina chachikulu.

Mpingo amatanthauza nyumba ya makolo mtanda. Linapangidwa wa njerwa, omwe m'zaka za m'ma XV anayamba m'malo akale otchuka woyera mwala. mbali zonse zinayi m'kachisi ndi gulu m'magulu atatu, pamaso pa nsoka ankatchedwa mpanda. Mbali yapadera ndi kuti mpanda chapakati cha mpingo kwambiri mbali oposa awiri. Pamwamba aliyense khoma mpanda monga akamaliza amaimira muyezo miyambo zakomars Russian zomangamanga (Chipilala). Guwa protrusions mbali lakunja ndi analekanitsanso patatu semicircular.

Mpingo wa mafunsidwe a Robe mu Moscow Kremlin - ndi ozungulira mpingo ndi mzikiti chisoti woboola pakati, surmounted kuwala chimphika ng'oma. Dome wa ng'oma ndi chokongoletsedwa ndi zokongoletsa wapadera wa wolemba frieze, amatanthauza kumpoto kwa sukulu Pskov a zomangamanga Russian. njerwa ndi anaika zokongoletsa - zithetsedwe, begunets.

Miyala yamtengo wapatali ndi mfundo

La kum'mawa kwa kachisi lilipo kuyang'anira ku Cathedral Square. The apse chapakati cha khoma guwa lansembe noticeable kuposa mbali ziwiri, kuchepera, chifukwa akachisi kapangidwe mapulani mtanda. Padziko kukafika kutsogolo kwa kachisi ili pamwamba pa frieze kukongoletsa, amene akutumikira monga chizindikiro cha Russian zomangamanga Mpingo wa nthawi oyambirira.

Okwera mu mmunsi chokongoletsedwa theka-mizati, amene kuphatikiza pamwamba, kubwereza ndondomeko keeled zakomaras. Atatu mpanda wa mpingo kuonekera niches osaya imene zithunzi anali anasonyeza kale. Tsopano anakhalabe Zojambula pakhoma chimodzi chokha cha m'ma XVII pa wapakamwa kumpoto, anatulukira pa ntchito kubwezeretsedwa mu 1996, izo chikusonyezera Patronal Phwando - malo mwinjiro wa Virgin.

M'makomo kwa Mpingo wa mafunsidwe a Robe (Moscow Kremlin) zili kumbali zonse. A kum'mawa ndi kum'mwera, inu athanso kupeza m'nyumba. Pakhomo kum'mwera ali chokongoletsedwa ndi muyezo woboola pakati zipata ndi mkulu staircase ndi kum'mawa - ndi mu zomera za Terem Palace. zolowetsa The zili pa kumadzulo ndi kumpoto mbali ya kachisi, kuwonetsera mlendo cloisters.

mkati

Mkati mwa kachisi ndipamene danga umodzi pa chipinda voliyumu ndi yaing'ono kuchuluka masamu mpingo zosonyeza House Church. Code zachokera mizati inayi. Space makoma ndi zipilala yokutidwa ndi zojambula amanena achipembedzo.

Mbali yaikulu ya nkhani ndi odzipereka kwambiri kwa Virgin Mary, chithunzi kalembedwe ofanana ndi penti ndi frescoes wa Akukwera Cathedral. The mwangozi si mwangozi: ntchito 1644 zinachitikadi ambuye odziwika Pospeev Sidor ndi Abramov Umuna. nsanamira amasonyeza akalonga Russian ndi metropolitans.

Kodi luso la m'zaka XVII, zinadziwika mu 1956, pamene, pansi pa accretions kenako adatseguka ndi kuyeretsa nkhani zakale. kubwezeretsa zonse za iconostasis wakale, sanadzisiyira Mpingo wa mafunsidwe a Robe wa Moscow Kremlin unachitikira mu nthawi yomweyo. Kufotokozera za zikuchokera onse a kupenta ndi iconostasis limasonyeza kuti ndi maziko a mtundu njira zojambula.

iconostasis

Iconostasis ndi yasiliva, kukongoletsa ndi ofotokozedwa chokongoletsedwa ndi zokongoletsa. zithunzi anaikapo utoto mokondwera, yowala mitundu chogwidwa ndi buluu, chitumbuwa, mtundu woyera. iconostasis anali atalenga pambuyo Nthawi ya Mavuto ndi owonongedwa zidamugwera dziko. Makasitomala anali tate wa mfumu yoyamba ya Romanov mafumu - mabishopu, Filaret.

Pamwamba atatu angapo a zithunzi utoto antchito situdiyo iconographer Nazaire Istomin Savin mu 1627. Pansi mzere, analemba mwini yekha, manja ake a zithunzi ziwiri chapakati - "Old Testament Utatu," "The Virgin Hodegetria".

Ntchito yobwezeretsa m'ma 50s amati frescoes pa makoma amapereka ma mtundu. Kamangidwe wowoneka bwino kwambiri kusonkhezera nthawi yoyambirira ya Chikhristu, pamene Russia anali ndi mzinda wa Byzantium.

Chithunzi otchuka mu gawo pamwamba ndi pa zipilala zosonyeza Atumwi ndi Grand Atsogoleri Akuimira Ndani, limodzi ndi njira yomwe mbuye kuti kutsatira malamulo okhwima, anasonyeza ulemu wake kwa ngwazi za frescoes ndi m'mlengalenga mozungulira iwo amapereka chimwemwe ndi kuwala.

modernity

Kumayambiriro 90 ntchentche ya mafunsidwe a Mpingo Robe chinaperekedwa kwa alendo, komanso pa patronal chikondwerero mpingo unachitikira kuno kulambira ndi mapemphero. Kuyambira ziwiya anapulumuka zokhazo ochepa. Large nyali yakale yoyendera anaika pamaso iconostasis, mu masiku akale anayamba kutchedwa "woonda kandulo" - dzenje mkati. Nyali anapatsidwa kachisi monga mphatso kwa kholo Joseph mu 1649. Iwo chokongoletsedwa ndi ziboliboli, trays siliva-yokutidwa ndi zochokera stylized mikango kanjedza. Chidutswa china wapadera mu 1624 ndi chandelier siliva, gilded olemba kukatentha osula golide D. Sverchkov.

kachisi afike kuona frescoes za m'ma XVI ndi kukaona chionetsero cha wakale Russian chosema matabwa ili cloister lapansi. Mmodzi wa reliefs amakezana chosonyeza St. George XIV m'ma likukwaniritsa mlendo mwachindunji ku chionetsero pakhomo. Mu masiku akale ntchito zimenezi anaikapo mu natumikira zithunzi iconostasis. Chidwi kwambiri ndi Novgorod mafano "Zinafika ku Cross" ndi "The Virgin za Chizindikiro" (Rostov).

Mu Rizopolozhensky Church, chionetserocho amasungidwa ndi chosema matabwa a Metropolitan woyamba wa Lazaro - Yona, anaika mpingo kalelo. Anasonyeza mu kufotokoza zithunzi matabwa a Solovetsky obisika chithunzi Nikolaya Mozhayskogo ndi lupanga, m'njira imene anaonekera kwa mudzi wa kwa adani Mozhaisk. No zochepa chidwi ndi ena curiosities - mtanda kuchokera Chudov ansembe yotchedwa, lopinda, chizindikirocho nthawi XV-XIX zaka.