Ndani Volga Germany: History wa atsamunda German

kovuta kuti muganize amene ali ndi Volga Germany. Akatswiri ena kuganizira mtundu mbali ya mtundu German, pamene ena - mtundu wapachiyambi, amene unakhazikitsidwa pa dera la Russia. Choncho mbani Volga Germany? Mbiri ya mtundu kungatithandize kumvetsa ethnogenesis ake.

Chifukwa yothetsa Volga Germany

Tiyeni tione zifukwa zimene zinachititsa kuti chakuti Germany kuti wotanganidwa dera wotsika Volga.

Kumene, panali kufunika kwambiri mwa zinthu ziwiri. Choyamba, anthu ambiri a Russian Ufumu sanalole kuti optimally zidzaze ndi ntchito monga efficiently gawo lonse la boma. Kukwaniritsa chosowa anthu oti, anakopeka anthu ochokera kunja. Nthawi zambiri, mchitidwe umenewu wakhala ntchito kuyambira Catherine 2. expanses lalikulu la lalikulu Russian Ufumu anakakhala Bulgarians, Agiriki Moldovans, Serbia ndi, ndithudi, Germany, tikambirana zina. M'munsi Volga monga amatanthauza amenewa m'madera kawirikawiri asezare. Posachedwapa, panali woyendayendawu Nogai gulu, koma Russia anali zaphindu kukhala ulimi m'mayiko amenewa.

Zofunika Chinthu chachiwiri chinali chifukwa mapangidwe a ku Germany mtundu wa dera Volga, anali kuchulukana mu Germany, umene panthawi imeneyo zinali gulu la limati angapo ufulu yokhala ogwirizana otchedwa Wopatulika wa Roma wa dziko la Germany. The vuto lalikulu la anthu German anali kusowa malo onse amene ndikufuna ntchito pa izo. Komanso, Germany akumana kuponderezedwa kwambiri zachuma ndi makonsolo ndi boma la Russia adawatengera ubwino kuposa kale lonse.

Choncho, Russian Ufumu chofunika oti kusamalira expanses waukulu ndi Germany zofunika dziko iwo akhoza kukhala ndi mabanja awo chakudya. Kuti mwangozi zinthu zinachititsa kuti emigration Unyinji wa anthu German m'dera Volga.

Ndondomeko

Direct mbendera ya kusamutsidwa a ku Germany ndi anthu ena Russia anatumikira monga Ndondomeko ya Catherine 2, linatuluka mu mochedwa 1762. Iye analola alendo kuthetsa momasuka gawo la ufumuwo.

Kenako chilimwe, chikalata ichi anali lowonjezera ndi Ndondomeko lina limanena kuti achilendo akhoza adzasankha malo awo okhala m'kati mwamalire a Russia.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti Catherine yekha 2 anali German mwa kubadwa ndipo mbadwa za ukulu wa Anhalt-Zerbst, mwachoncho adadziwa kuti anthu a Germany, kuona kufunika kwa dziko, woyamba kuyankha kuitana kwa mafumu Russian. Komanso, iye ankadziwa mogulitsa ndi khama la Germany si zongomva.

ubwino atsamunda

Kukopa atsamunda, Catherine 2, boma anawapatsa angapo ubwino. Pankhani ya kusowa ndalama kusuntha anthu Russian kunja tinali apatseni chuma zedi zokwanira ulendowo.

Komanso, atsamunda onse sankapita cuma ca maunso misonkho, ngati anakakhala m'madera ena, makamaka m'dera wotsika Volga. Nthawi zambiri, mawu asandilembe misonkho anali wofanana ndi zaka makumi atatu.

Chinthu china chofunika kuti chinathandiza kulamulira mofulumira kumayiko ena a Russian Ufumu, anali issuance wa ngongole chidwi ufulu osamukawo kwa zaka khumi. Anafuna kumangira nyumba malo atsopano a Pamudzi, outbuildings chitukuko zachuma.

Akuluakulu Russian zimatsimikizira sanali kulowelera mu nkhani mkati akuluakulu atsamunda. Kukhazikitsa moyo m'midzi ndi ubale wawo ndi matupi boma anapereka gulu wolekana ndi gulu la ulamuliro.

The asilikali a osamukawo

Akuluakulu State sanali okha kupereka monga mwayi resettlement ndi issuance a angapo ubwino wokongola kwa atsamunda. Iwo anayamba kukhala ndi ndondomeko ya kampeni yogwira. Kuchita izi, pa malire a maiko German anayamba kufalitsa nyuzipepala ndi timapepala ta ndi zipangizo zokopa. Komanso, mu Germany opareshoni chilli amene tikugwira osamuka usilikali. Anthu awa anali ngati a boma ndi anthu amalonda, otchedwa "Summoner" omwe adalowa mgwirizano ndi mabungwe a boma pa asilikali a atsamunda.

Kwa zaka zinayi, kuyambira mu 1763, pamene otaya osamuka anali kwambiri, monga atsamunda za 30 chikwi. Anthu anafika ku Russia. Pafupifupi theka la iwo anali anatengedwa ndi "woyimba za". Wofunitsitsa kupita kukakhala ku Russia anali ku Bavaria, Baden ndi Hesse.

Organization midzi loyamba

Poyamba, ankalamulira anali kuwapititsa ku St. Petersburg (kenako Oranienbaum - mumzinda wa likulu), pamene adapanga bwino moyo ndi chikhalidwe cha Russia, ndipo anaperekanso lumbiro la kukhulupirika kwa mfumu. Pakumala iwo anapita ku dziko ya dera South Volga.

Izo ziyenera kuti msewu ichi chidali chovuta kwambiri ndi woopsa. Paulendo uwu zifukwa zosiyanasiyana, izo anapha anthu oposa zikwi zitatu, kapena pafupifupi 12,5% ya chonse pamodzi.

Midzi woyamba, umene bungwe tsopano Russian Germany anakhala njuchi a wotsika Dobrinka, German mnyamata otchedwa Moninger. Idamangidwa m'chilimwe cha 1764 pafupi ndi Tsaritsyno.

A okwana 105 chambiri atsamunda German unachitikira wotsika Volga. Awa, 63 madera zochokera "Summoner," ndipo wina 42 - matupi onse.

Gen. madera

Kuyambira tsopano pa Volga Germany molimba zitakhazikika pa nthaka Russian, anayamba kukhazikitsa njira ya moyo ndi pang'onopang'ono aphatikizire mu moyo chikhalidwe cha ufumuwo, pamene kuiwala mizu.

Atsamunda anatenga zipangizo zaulimi ambiri, mpaka nthawi imeneyo sanali ntchito mu Russia. Iwo anagwiritsa ntchito zothandiza atatu munda kasinthasintha. Zikhalidwe waukulu mwakula Volga Germany ndi dzinthu, fulakesi, mbatata, chamba, fodya. Ena mitundu ya zomera mu makope zikuluzikulu mu Russian Ufumu kuyamba ndendende chifukwa cha mtundu uwu.

Koma si amoyo ulimi wa Volga Germany, ngakhale ntchito imeneyi maziko a ntchito yake. Ankalamulira anayamba kuchita mu processing mafakitale mankhwala a minda yawo, makamaka kupanga ufa ndi mafuta mpendadzuwa. Komanso, mu dera Volga chinayamba mwachangu kuluka.

Za moyo monga anakhalabe mu Volga German ankalamulira m'zaka za m'ma XVIII-XIX.

Gulu la Autonomous Republic

Bolsheviks anayamba kulamulira moyo wachibadidwe wosinthika mu dziko. Kwambiri amadza chochitika anali pa moyo wa Volga Germany.

Poyamba zinkaoneka kuti kubera, chikominisi lonjeza Germany zina mchaka ndi kudzikonda kasamalidwe mphamvu. Mu 1918, pa mbali ya zigawo wakale wa Samara ndi Saratovka analengedwa Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, limene mpaka 1923 anali ndi udindo wa dera yoyenda yokha. Maphunziro amenewa anaphatikizapo mwachindunji mu RSFSR, koma anasangalala angathe anadziletsa.

The likulu la Volga German Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic anali woyamba Saratov, ndipo kuyambira mu 1919 - Marksshtadt (tsopano mzinda wa Marx). Mu 1922, likulu potsiriza anasamukira ku mzinda wa Pokrovsk, amene mu 1931 analandira dzina la Chichewa.

The ulamuliro chachikulu chinali CEC ya Soviet Union mu dziko, ndipo kuyambira 1937 - Bungwe la Supreme.

German ntchito ngati chilankhulo china nchito. Kumayambiriro a 1939, pafupifupi magawo awiri a atatu a anthu a maphunziro anali Volga Germany.

collectivization

Komabe, sitingathe kunena kuti Volga Germany azikhala mu ulamuliro wa Soviet. Ngati ambiri a anthu wamba a Russia anali serfs kale ndipo pambuyo yomenyera serfdom, chabwino, kukhala m'dzikolo, osauka wamba, pakati pa Germany anali mkulu kuchuluka kwa eni olemera. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti zikhalidwe za dera Volga wa kulamulira amayenera kupereka anthu timapepala malo ambiri. Choncho panali mabanja ambiri ankawaona Bolshevik akuluakulu monga "kulak".

Volga Germany - anthu a Russia, amene pafupifupi anavutika kwambiri kwa "dispossession" kwa ndondomekoyi. Anthu ambiri a gulu mitundu anamangidwa, kumangidwa mwinanso kuphedwa mu ndondomeko ya collectivization. chifukwa cha kupanda ungwiro bungwe kasamalidwe gulu sakanatha kugwira ntchito ndi zana gawo la dzuwa ndi zomwe anawononga chuma ntchito.

njala

Koma si chinthu choyipa mu moyo wa German Volga. Mu 1932-1933 dera atayamba njala ndi kale lonse. Iye sanali kokha chifukwa kulephera kwa mbewu, komanso chakuti minda gulu mokakamiza unkayenera kuti akapereke mbewu zonse za dziko. The lonse njala kuti kusesa dera Volga, mofanana ndi wa chodabwitsa nyama zimene zinachitika pa nthawi yomweyo pa malire a Ukraine ndi Kazakhstan.

Chiŵerengero cha imfa chifukwa cha njala a ku Germany ndi zovuta kudziwa, koma akuti wonse amafa mu mabwalo yoyenda yokha mu 1933 analipo 50,1 zikwi. Anthu, pamene izo zinali mu 1931, wofanana 14,1 zikwi. Anthu. Kwa zaka ziwiri njala chinagwira, chabwino, zikwizikwi za miyoyo ya Volga Germany.

kuthamangitsidwa

Nkhonyayo omaliza amene analandira Germany Russian ku boma Stalinist, wakhala anagwidwa ukapolo yaukapolo.

Woyamba akulimbana kanthu kuponderezedwa ndi iwo anayamba mu theka lachiwiri la 30s, pamene ubale pakati Soviet Union ndi Nazi Germany anali usavutike. Stalin anaona kuopseza Germany onse, akuganiza ngati wothandizira angathe Ulamuliro wa Nazi. Choncho, anthu onse a mtundu kuperekedwa, ntchito yake ija chodzikanira, kapena ntchito yausilikali, mu nkhani yabwino kuti achoke, ndipo nthawi zambiri amangidwa.

Chiyambi cha nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse kutanthauza kupindika zatsopano tsoka zomvetsa chisoni anthu oleza. Pa theka lachiwiri la 1941 - kupita wa Volga Germany anapangidwa zoyambirira za 1942 kwawo kumidzi zigawo Kazakhstan, Siberia ndi ku Central Asia. Ndipo kusonkhanitsa tsiku awo anapatsidwa, ndipo anatilola kuti azimwa zochepa katundu. kuthamangitsidwa The zinachitikadi kuyang'aniridwa wa NKVD.

Pa ntchito, izo inkatumizidwa pafupifupi 1 miliyoni Germany ochokera m'madera osiyanasiyana a USSR, koma ambiri a iwo anali chimodzimodzi okhala kudera Volga.

Momwe zinthu zikusinthira

Anazunzidwa Volga Germany kwakukulukulu sangakhoze kubwerera kwawo. Iwo anayesera kupangira bungwe kudziyimira pawokha zake Kazakhstan kumapeto kwa 70s, koma anakumana ndi kukana kwa anthu akuderalo. Pofunafuna misa kubwerera ku dera Volga pambuyo kugwa kwa ulamuliro Soviet anali silingayende bwino, chifukwa nyumba kumene anakhala Volga Germany, ndipo tsopano anakhazikika, anthu atsopano, amene sanafune kuti abwerere kwa eni zawo zakale. Choncho, ambiri Germany mitundu anachoka Germany. ena mwa iwo okha anakwanitsa kubwerera ku mzinda wa Chichewa. Volga tsopano si malo a yaying'ono okhala anati fuko.

Panopa 500 zikwi. Volga Germany okhala m'madera osiyanasiyana Russia, za 180 zikwi. Pitirizani kukhala Kazakhstan, koma ambiri anapita ku Germany, USA, Canada ndi Argentina.

chikhalidwe

Volga Germany simukhala chikhalidwe wapadera umene uli muyeso ofanana losiyana kwambiri ndi miyambo Russian, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu zakwawoko la Germany.

Ambiri a fuko lino ali Akhristu mafunde, makamaka Chiprotestanti (Lutheran, Abaptisti, Amenoni, ndi zina zotero. D.), Koma ambiri a iwo ndi Orthodox ndi Akatolika.

Ngakhale kuti zaka kuthamangitsidwa ndi kupatukana, ambiri Volga Germany zidakali chikhalidwe ndiponso chinenero chawo. Tikhoza kunena kuti pa zaka okhala kunja Germany anakhala osiyana mitundu gulu, amene Komabe, tikuchita kuti dziko, kuti tsopano akukhala mu dziko mbiri ya Germany.