Narkomovskie magalamu 100. N'chifukwa chiyani mowa unaperekedwa pa nkhondo?

Mungapeze maumboni ambiri okhudzana ndi kumwa mowa ndi asilikari kuti akwaniritse izi kapena zomwe zimayambitsa nkhondo. Koma kodi chizoloŵezi ichi mu gulu lankhondo la Russia chinachokera kuti, ndani adachivomereza icho ndi momwe mowa unakhudzidwira mphamvu ya nkhondo yomenyera nkhondo? Ndipo "magalamu 100" a mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi otani? Ndikofunika kumvetsetsa, chifukwa chakuti vodka mu Red Army kuyambira pachiyambi - mfundo yomwe ili yopanda kukayika.

Mbiri ya zochitika za mowa

Zikudziwika kuti oyamba ku Russia adakakamiza asilikali kuti apereke Mfumu Peter I. Pomwepo idatchedwa "vinyo wa mkate". Chofunika kwambiri chinali chakuti panthaŵiyi, asilikaliwo ankamwa vinyo nthawi zonse, apolisi, pampempha, akhoza kuchitapo kanthu ndi kanjakita. Malingana ndi kukula kwake kwa chiwongolero, mlingo umenewu ukhoza kuwonjezeka kapena kutsika. Ndi ichi, zonse zinali zovuta. Choncho, quartermaster, yemwe sanasamalire kumwa mowa mwa nthawi yake, akhoza ngakhale kuletsa mutu. Ankaganiza kuti izi zimachepetsa mzimu wa nkhondo.

Mwambo unatengedwa ndi mahatchi ambiri a Russia ndi mafumu, ndipo unasinthidwa nthawi zambiri ndikuwonjezeredwa. Pansi pa Nicholas I, mwachitsanzo, vinyo anapatsidwa kuyang'anira magulu omanga nyumba ndi mizinda. Pachifukwa ichi, magulu ankhondo adalandira ma servings atatu pa sabata, osagonjetsedwa - awiri. Misonkhanoyi, tinamwa vodka, yomwe idadulidwa kale ndi madzi ndipo imagwidwa ndi zikondwerero. Akuluakulu anaperekanso tiyi ndi ramu. M'nyengo yozizira, sbiten ndi vinyo zinali zofunika kwambiri.

Zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi zombozi - woyendetsa sitima anapatsidwa galasi, ndiko kuti, 125 magalamu a vodka tsiku, koma womasulidwayo analibe mwayi umenewu chifukwa cha zolakwika zake. Chifukwa choyenera - m'malo mwake, amapereka mlingo wawiri kapena katatu.

Kodi "osokoneza bongo"

Mbiri ya maonekedwe a mowa mu Soviet Army, yomwe inkatchedwa "100-gram narcomovski", imachokera ku Kliment Voroshilov, People's Commissar wa asilikali ndi zankhondo za USSR. Panthawi ya nkhondo ya ku Finnish, adafunsa Stalin kuti alole kumwa mowa kwa asilikali kuti athe kuwotcha anthu ku chisanu choopsa. Inde, ndiye kutentha kwa pa Karelian Isthmus kunkafika madigiri 40 pansi pa zero. The People's Commissar inanenanso kuti izi zikhoza kukweza asilikali. Ndipo Stalin anavomera. Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1940, mowa unayamba kuthamangira kwa asilikali. Asanayambe kumenya nkhondo, msirikali ankamwa makilogalamu 100 a vodka ndipo analigwiritsa ntchito ndi magalamu 50 a mafuta. Makanki anali atadalira kawiri kawiri, ndipo oyendetsa ndegewo anapatsidwa cognac. Popeza izi zinapangitsa kuti azimayi azivomerezana, lamuloli limatchedwa "Voroshilov". Kuyambira kumayambiriro (January 10) mpaka March 1940, asilikali adamwa pafupifupi matani 10 a vodka ndi pafupifupi matani 8 a kogogo.

Mu Nkhondo Yaikulu Yachikhalidwe

"Tsiku lobadwa" lovomerezeka la osokoneza bongo - June 22, 1941. Ndiye pa dziko lathu munabwera nkhondo yoopsa ya 1941-1945 - Nkhondo Yaikulu Yachikondi. Pa tsiku lake loyamba Stalin anasaina chikalata pa nambala 562, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti mowa ukhale wosanamwalire - theka la kapu ya vodka munthu aliyense (fortress - madigiri 40). Izi zinakhudza anthu omwe anali kutsogolo. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi oyendetsa ndege oyendetsa nkhondo, komanso ogwira ndege ogwira ndege ndi akatswiri ndi akatswiri. Chifukwa cha kukwaniritsidwa kwa Supreme Order anali AI Mikoyan, People's Commissar wa Food Industry. Ndiye, kwa nthawi yoyamba, dzina "100 grammes" linatchedwa. Zina mwazovomerezeka zinali zogawidwa kwa amwayi oyendetsa zakumwa. Lamulo loperekedwa mowa mowa mumatangi, pambuyo pake vodka inatsanulidwira mu zitini kapena mbiya ndi kutengedwera kwa asilikali. Kunali, ndithudi, choletsedwa: ankaloledwa kunyamula matanki osaposa 46 pamwezi. Mwachibadwa, m'chilimwe chosowa choterechi chinafalikira, ndipo m'nyengo yozizira, nyengo yachisanu ndi yoyambilira ya nyundo inali yachilendo.

N'zotheka kuti lingaliro la kupereka vodika ku magulu othawirapo linayambitsidwa ndi kuvutika kwa maganizo kwa Ajeremani: asilikali oledzera amayenda mfuti zonse popanda kubisala. Izi zinakhudza kwambiri asilikali a Soviet, omwe anali pangozi ndipo motero anali pangozi.

Kugwiritsanso ntchito zachizoloŵezi m'magulu

Ponena za kugonjetsedwa kwa ankhondo a Red Red pafupi ndi Kharkov, makonzedwe anapangidwa ku dongosolo la Mkulu wa Mtsogoleri Wamkulu. Tsopano zinasankhidwa kusiyanitsa mowa wamphamvu. Kuyambira mu June 1942, adakonza zoti mowa udzatulutsidwa kokha m'magulu awo omwe athandiza kulimbana ndi zigawenga za ku Germany. Pa nthawi yomweyo, chiwerengero cha "commissar" chiyenera kuwonjezeka kufika 200 magalamu. Koma Stalin adaganiza kuti ndizotheka kuthetsa vodka ku magulu opanga ntchito zonyansa. Ena onse angakhoze kuziwona izo pa maholide okha.

Ponena za nkhondo ku Stalingrad, State Defense Committee inaganiza zobwezeretsa chiwongolale chakale - kuyambira panopa inaperekedwa kwa magalamu 100 kwa onse amene adayambanso kutsogolo. Koma panali zatsopano: mlingo unalandiridwanso ndi ankhondo omwe ali ndi amuna omwe amapereka chithandizo kwa anthu ovutika m'madzi. Ochepa - 50 gramu - adatsanulidwira kumbuyo kumalo antchito, omwe amateteza anthu, asilikali omanga komanso ovulazidwa. Mtsinje wa Transcaucasian, mwachitsanzo, wogwiritsidwa ntchito, malinga ndi malo ake, vinyo kapena doko (200 ndi 300 magalamu, motero). M'mwezi womaliza wakulimbana mu 1942, ambiri anali ataledzera. Mwachitsanzo, Western Western "inapha" pafupifupi malita milioni a vodka, ma lita 1,2 miliyoni a vinyo wa Transcaucasian - Stalingrad - malita 407,000.

Kuyambira mu 1943

Kale mu 1943 (April) chiwerengero cha mowa chinasinthidwanso. Chisankho cha GKO No. 3272 chinanena kuti kugawanika kwakukulu kwa vodka mu ziwalo zikanatha, ndipo chizoloŵezi chikhoza kuikidwa pa magulu omwe amachititsa ntchito zonyansa kutsogolo. Ena onse adalandira "grammes" pokhapokha pa maholide. Kubweretsa mowa tsopano kunali chikumbumtima cha malangizo ochokera kumalo kapena magulu ankhondo. Mwa njira, asilikali ngati NKVD ndi njanji zinagwera pansi, popeza kumwa mowa kwambiri kunali kwakukulu.

Ankhondo ambiri, akumbukira zinthu, anati lamuloli silinali kulikonse. M'madera ena, zimaperekedwa pamapepala, makamaka - kugawira mowa sikunali. Ena, mosiyana, amachitira umboni kuti izi zinkachitika, ndipo mozama. Choncho zinthu zenizeni sizidziwika bwinobwino.

Potsirizira pake, kutulutsidwa kwa lamuloli kunathetsedwa pokhudzana ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa Nazi Germany mu 1945. Komabe, asilikali a Soviet adakondana ndi mtundu umenewu, kuti mwambowo unapitirira mpaka kugwa kwa USSR. Makamaka, izi zinkachitidwa ndi atumiki a Afghanistan. Zoonadi, zinthu zoterezi zinachitidwa mwachinsinsi, popeza lamulo silinagwedeze mitu ya asilikali kuti amwe mowa pamayendedwe.

Zochitika zofananira padziko lapansi

Pamene akunena za chizolowezi choledzeretsa ku Red Army, tiyeneranso kunena kuti Wehrmacht, yemwe adamenyana naye, sadakhalanso ndi vuto lapadera. Antchito a msirikali anali mowa wotchuka kwambiri, ndipo apolisi ankamwa mkaka, umene ankawapatsa kuchokera ku France. Ndipo, ngati simuganizira za mowa, zinthu zina sizinyozedwe. Choncho, pofuna kukhalabe ndi moyo pa nthawi ya nkhondo, asilikali adamwa mankhwala - "Pervitin", mwachitsanzo, kapena "Isofan". Choyamba chinali kutchedwa "pencil chocolate" - "chokoleti chokoleti". Anagulitsidwa poyera, pamene asilikali nthawi zambiri amawafunsa makolo kuti awatumize "Pervitina."

Zotsatira ndi zotsatira za ntchitoyi

N'chifukwa chiyani mowa unaperekedwa pa nkhondo? Kwa funso ili, poyang'anitsitsa, n'zotheka kupereka mayankho osiyanasiyana. Ndani mwa iwo amene ali pafupi kwambiri ndi choonadi?

Monga tafotokozera mu chigamulocho, mowa anaperekedwa m'nyengo yozizira kuti athe kuwotcha anyaniwa. Komabe, dokotala aliyense amatsimikizira kuti mowa umangotenga mawonekedwe a kutenthedwa, makamaka, zinthu sizikusintha.

Ndiponso, podziwa kuti kumwa mowa kumakhudza bwanji ubongo waumunthu, zingathe kutsutsidwa kuti zinatengedwa kuti zikhale ndi makhalidwe abwino. Ndipotu, muzinthu zambiri, panthawi yomwe asilikali ankafunika kuyendetsa ntchito, amazimitsidwa ndi chidziwitso cha kudzipulumutsa. Narkomovskaya vodka mobwerezabwereza analepheretsa kumverera uku, pamodzi ndi mantha aakulu. Koma adagwiritsanso ntchito malingaliro, kuganiza, komanso kumwa mowa si nzeru yabwino. Ndicho chifukwa chake omenyana nawo ambiri adakana kumwa mwadzidzidzi nkhondoyo isanayambe. Ndipo, pakadutsa pambuyo pake, adachita chinthu choyenera.

Zotsatira za mowa pamaganizo ndi mthupi

Mwazinthu zina, vodka imakhala ndi zotsatira zogwira mtima mwakuchitika kuti psyche yaumunthu inkapatsidwa katundu wolemetsa, monga momwe zimakhalira nthawi zambiri mu nkhondo. Amuna ambiri amamenya mowa chifukwa chochita mantha kapena mantha. Komabe, wina sanganene molimba mtima kuti mowa uli ndi zotsatira zabwino kapena zoipa pa nkhondo ya ankhondo.

Inde, vodka, ngakhale ali ndi makhalidwe abwino omwe ali pamwambawa, adayipabebe. Munthu angaganize za kuwonongeka kwa asilikali, chifukwa chakumwa mowa mopitirira muyeso nthawi zonse kumatanthauza imfa yeniyeni. Kuwonjezera pamenepo, wina sangathe kunyalanyaza kwenikweni za kumwa mowa nthawi zonse, zomwe zingayambitse uchidakwa, ndipo nthawi zina imfa. Milandu yaulangizi sayenera kulembedwa. Kotero "magalamu 100 a mankhwala osokoneza bongo" ali ndi mbali zabwino komanso zoipa.

Mu USSR, iwo sankathandizira kuledzera. Ndizodabwitsa kwambiri kuti iye, ngakhale m'mafomu apang'ono, ankachita nawo nkhondo. Ndiponsotu, kuyambira 1938, pakhala pali mayiko ambiri oletsa kuledzera mu ankhondo. Malamulo ambiri apamwamba kapena apampando anali kufufuza milandu chifukwa cha kumwa kwambiri mowa. Choncho, kubweretsa komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mpweyawu kunkapangidwanso mosavuta. Chifukwa chauchidakwa nthawi yosavuta kutumizidwa ku bwalo la chilango, kapena kuwombera konse popanda kuyesedwa ndi zotsatira, makamaka pa nthawi ngati nkhondo ya 1941-1945.

Kugwiritsa ntchito nkhondo kumbuyo kwa ankhondo

Kuwonjezera pa milandu yosavomerezeka, panalibe chizolowezi chomwa mowa - m'maulendo. Anthu ogwira nsomba zam'madzi zankhondo zam'madzi a pansi pa nthaka ankadalira kwambiri vinyo wouma tsiku lililonse (komanso magalamu 100). Koma, monga momwe zinalili pansi pa Stalin, zinaperekedwa kokha panthawi ya nkhondo.

Kusinkhasinkha kwa mawu muzojambula

Pazifukwa zina, "narcomovski" 100 "gramu" imakhazikitsidwa kwambiri mu luso. Panthawi imeneyo mutha kumva nyimbo ndikutchula za chizolowezi cha mowa. Ndipo filimuyo siinanyalanyaze zochitika izi - m'mafilimu ambiri mumatha kuona momwe asilikali asanamenye nkhondo akugwedeza galasi ndi kufuula kwa "Kwa Motherland! Kwa Stalin!" Pitani pa zoyipa.