Monetary dongosolo la dziko: muyeso wa golide kwa zikuchitika tsopano lino

Monetary dongosolo la dziko ndi mtundu wa bungwe ubale ndalama zomwe apanga panthawi imeneyi chitukuko msika. zikamera ake amagwirizana ndi zikamera wa ndalama ndi chiyambi cha ntchito zawo monga njira malipiro mu wotuluka malipiro lonse.

Zamoyo a dongosolo la ndalama wakhala chodabwitsa zachilendo, popanda zomwe chitukuko cha chuma dziko sizikanakhala zotheka. Mawu oyamba, ndi kusiyidwa wa muyeso wa golide - ndi kuvomera ku zofuna za nthawi, komanso kutsimikizira zisadzachitikenso mbiri ya munthu ndi chuma dziko.

Magawo chitukuko cha dongosolo lonse ndalama ndi zizindikiro zawo

1. dongosolo golide muyezo (1821-1939) mogwirizana ndi ndalama iliyonse yomwe ayenera kupatsidwa golide. Banks lililonse dziko alonjeza kupereka ufulu convertibility ndalama zawo pa zitsulo wolemekezeka pa pempho. dongosolo Monetary ankaganiza mitengo kuwombola amodzi atathana aliyense ndalama payekha. Ndithudi, izi ndithu bwanji chitukuko cha malonda pakati pa maiko ndi ndalama mayiko chifukwa mmene chuma chikuyendera limakhazikitsa. Komabe, dongosolo ndalama ndipo anali ndi zolephera zingapo zomwe zinachititsa chakuti madzulo a Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World linasiyidwa. Pakati pawo ndi umoyo wa anthu yozungulira osati pa vuto la zachuma, koma pa kuchuluka kapena kuchepa kupanga golide, komanso kulephera kwa mayiko ntchito mfundo palokha ndalama. 2. Dongosolo Bretton Woods (1944-1976). dongosolo ndalama kumapereka lingaliro akuyandama mitengo kuwombola, kuzipatsa kuyankha kusintha kwa zinthu msika. Njira ya ndalama zonse anali anakonza madola, ndipo boma la US chinali choti kusinthitsa ndalama golide. Iwo anali pa nthawi imeneyi wakhazikitsidwa wina wotchuka ngati ndalama mayiko gulu monga IMF, cholinga chachikulu cha ntchito imene Umutu ndi chitukuko cha malonda pakati pa maiko awiri ndi mgwirizano wawo pankhani zokhudza ubale wa ndalama. Koma pa nthawi, zikuoneka kuti boma sankafuna kusintha mitengo nzeru ndalama zake ndi mlingo woyenera wa liquidity sangakhoze otsimikiza. Komanso, ubwenzi sanali okoma kwambiri kwa mayiko ambiri ku United States. 3. Mu 1976, anaganiza zopita ku dongosolo ndalama ku Jamaica, malinga ndi zimene Kusinthanitsa kwa ndalama ya ndalama iliyonse anatsimikiza ndi lamulo la okwanira ndi akumufuna. Modern dongosolo ndalama zimafunika tanthauzo osiyana wa Bank chapakati kusinthitsa ndalama ulamuliro wa boma, lomwe zipangitsa yaitali kusinthasintha ndi yochepa bata, lomwe akutsutsana amakhudza chitukuko cha malonda ndi zachuma. The kuipa dongosolo ndalama ku Jamaica monga: mkulu kufufuma, kusintha lakuthwa mu mitengo kuwombola ndi osakhalitsa za mmene chuma chikuyendera pa msika. Pa nkhani imeneyi, atsogoleri a lililonse dziko ayenera kulabadira zambiri kukonzekera njira ndi ntchito, chifukwa tsopano, koma zochita zawo yatsopano zimadalira umoyo wa anthu.