Mawotchi a mafakitale ogulitsa mpweya: kupanga, chipangizo, moyo

Zipangizo zamagetsi zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa mafuta amtengo wapatali zimapezeka kwa makasitomala osiyanasiyana. Zitsanzo zamakono zili ndi kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pawo pokhapokha ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito. Nthawi zonse kukweza maluso a zigawo zoterezi kumapangitsa kuti pakhale njira zatsopano zamakono, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zomwe zimakhala bwino. Izi zimatsimikiziridwa ndi mafakitale ogwira ntchito zamagetsi. Makampani a ku Russia amapanga zipangizo zamtengo wapatali za gawo lino, osangoganizira chabe zomwe zinachitikira anzawo akunja, komanso zomwe zikuchitika. Ndibwino kuti muzindikire zokopa zachuma za kupanga masewera a mafakitale. Izi zimathandizidwa ndi zifukwa ziwiri. Choyamba, kubwezera katundu, zomwe sizitsika mtengo. Chachiwiri, kufunika kwa khalidwe ndi ogwira ntchito bwino.

Russia yopanga mafakitale otentha mafakitale

Makhalidwe otere monga kudalirika, chitetezo ndi ntchito zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokhudzana ndi katundu wogulitsa. Izi ndizofunika makamaka pa zipangizo zamakono. Komabe, zitsanzo za makampani ogwirira ntchito zamakono zikuwonetsa kuti opanga athu angathe kupereka zoperekera zosapindulitsa kwambiri. Makampani opanga makina ndi makina amapanga zigawo ndi zigawo zikuluzikulu mogwirizana ndi malamulo a ku Ulaya, ndipo akatswiri azaumisiri amapanga njira zothandizira msonkhano. Tiyeneranso kuzindikira kuti kupanga mafakitale ogwiritsa ntchito mpweya ku Russia, monga lamulo, kumaphatikizidwa ndi mapangidwe othandizira. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kale pagulu la msonkhanowo makasitomala angadalire kugonjera kwathunthu zipangizozo ndi zofunikira ndi malo a nyumba yophimba. Izi ndi zofunika makamaka tikaganizira momwe magulu ogulitsa ndi malonda amagwirira ntchito.

Kokonzedwe ka chipangizo

Zitsanzo zambiri za mafakitale zakonzedwa kuti ziwotchedwe nyumba zomangamanga, malo ogwira ntchito ndi masitolo. Ntchito izi zimagwirizana ndi mapangidwe a boilers. Chimake chake ndizitsulo zamoto. Monga lamulo, gulu la zibwenzi zofanana zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, mmodzi mwazimene zilipo zotseguka pofuna kuchotsa mpweya wabwino. Pochita kusakaniza ndi mpweya, mawonekedwe a lamoto, omwe amafalitsa kutentha m'dera lonselo. Komanso, makonzedwe a galimoto yotentha yamagetsi angaphatikizepo kutulutsa madzi otentha, omwe amatha kutenthedwa chifukwa cha kuyaka kwa mafuta osakaniza.

Palinso magulu ovuta kwambiri, omwe ali ndi ziwotchi zamoto. Chidziwikiritso cha zitsanzo zoterezi ndi chakuti chokonzekera chonse, pamodzi ndi fanasi, chimaikidwa kutsogolo kwa nkhaniyo. Mu boiler yemweyo, pali mphuno, yomwe, makamaka, ndiyo gwero la kufalikira kwa lawi ndi kutentha. Pamsika, mafakitale ogwiritsa ntchito mpweya ndi ziwotchi zimatuluka m'njira ziwiri kapena njira zitatu. Ambiri amphamvu kwambiri amatha kutentha madzi mpaka 115 ºС, komanso amapereka mpweya wotentha kwambiri. Panthawiyi, ndi bwino kufufuza mosamala mwatsatanetsatane mitundu iwiri ya zipangizo zotere - zitsanzo za madzi otentha ndi madzi otentha.

Zojambula Zowonongeka

Mtundu uwu wa boilers wapangidwa kuti ukhale ndi mpweya wa steam. Makampani ambiri omwe amagwiritsira ntchito nthunzi m'kati amafuna kupsyinjika. Choncho, kugwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zoterezi kumapangidwa ndi kutentha komanso kuthamanga. Makina ambiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mafakitale otentha ndi mafakitale amapanga mpweya wokwanira pafupifupi 0,25 t / h pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamoto. Malingana ndi zofunikira za malonda, mungasankhe zitsanzo ndi mphamvu yapamwamba. Monga lamulo, chiwongoladzanja chikufikira 55 t / h. Zizindikiro zowonjezera, zowonjezera, zingakhale zoposa 30 bar, ndi ulamuliro wa kutentha - kufika 300 ºС. Zitsanzo zamakono zimadziwika ndi mphamvu zawo zogwirira ntchito zosiyanasiyana zamadzi ndi mafuta. Sizingakhale zodabwitsa posankha kugwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zowonjezera zowonjezera, zipangizo zamagetsi ndi mabulblers.

Mafuta otenthetsa madzi

Ma model ndi madzi otentha amadziwika ndi makonzedwe oyenera a Kutentha, koma, monga momwe zimakhalira ndi magetsi, zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamtundu umodzi kapena wambiri pamtundu woyaka moto. Pa nthawi imodzimodziyo, tiyenera kuzindikira kuti pali magulu ambiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mafakitale ogwiritsa ntchito gasi. Chithunzi chomwe chili pansipa, makamaka, chikuwonetsera chitsanzo cha madzi otentha omwe sangagwire ntchito pa gasi, koma ndi injini ya dizilo.

Posankha ma boilers oterewa, ndikofunika kumvetsera zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa. Muzinthu zambiri kudalirika kwa zipangizo, chitetezo chake ndi zotsatira zake, mtengo umadalira pa izo. Nthaŵi zina, kuyendetsa zipangizo zamadzi zotentha, monga msinkhu wovuta (pafupifupi pafupifupi 16 bar), ndi kutentha kwapakati, komwe kumakhala kosiyana kuchokera pa 0.7 mpaka 35 MW, bwerani choyamba.

Nsomba zamsika pamsika

Komabe, pakali pano, zitsanzo zambiri zomwe zili pamsika ndizochokera kunja. Mwachitsanzo, izi zimagwira ntchito kuchokera ku bungwe la Germany la Bosch, lomwe limapereka mafano kuti athe kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi komanso mafuta. Choyenera kuyang'anitsitsa ndi mtundu wa Babcock Wanson wokhala ndi chiwerengero choposa 1757 kW. Kwa mabungwe akuluakulu tiyenera kuwona katundu wa Belgian kampani Prestige. Amapanga malo osungira madzi otentha otentha, omwe amadziwika kuti ndi odalirika komanso ogwira ntchito.

Komanso, mafakitale omwe amapanga mafakitale a ku Russia amapezeka mumzinda wa Turbopar, Gorgaz ndi Aguna. Mafakitale a mabungwewa akupanga zokolola zambiri, kuphatikizapo magetsi akuluakulu mpaka 3,6 MW. Zithunzi zimasiyanitsidwa ndi kupezeka kwa zowonongeka, zojambula zosiyanasiyana ndi kuthekera kusinthasintha zofunikira pa malo osungirako.

Miyeso yokonza

Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yaitali kwa zipangizo zamotchi sikudalira kokha ntchito yogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi wopanga. Kwazing'ono, zimatsimikiziridwa ndi kukonza luso - khalidwe lake ndi nthawi zambiri. Zina mwazochitika zowonongeka, chimbudzi chimasungidwa mu chikhalidwe chokwanira ndi kuyang'anitsitsa nthawi zonse machitidwe oyaka moto akugogomezedwa. Chofunika kwambiri ndicho kuyeretsa mafakitale ogwiritsa ntchito mpweya, omwe galimotoyo imakhala pakhomo. M'dziko lino, akhoza kutsegulidwa kumanzere ndi kumanja, kulola kuyeretsa. Opaleshoniyi iyenera kuchitika nthawi zonse, koma kuganizira momwe ntchitoyi ikugwirira ntchito.

Nthawi yogwira ntchito

Malingana ndi malingaliro a wopanga, zipangizo zamagetsi zimatha kukhala zaka pafupifupi 15 mpaka 20. Kachiwiri, nthawi yosungirako ntchito ikudalira zinthu zambiri, kuphatikizapo zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso kukhala osamala pakukonzekera. Pachifukwa ichi, moyo wautumiki wa mafakitale ogwiritsa ntchito mpweya ndi wofunikanso mpaka kuyeretsa koyamba kukuchitika. Kawirikawiri nthawi iyi ndi 3000 h. Kufunika kobwezera kuli kovuta kuwonetsa, koma kuyenera kuchitidwa pafupipafupi - pafupi zaka zitatu zilizonse.

Kufufuza za owiritsa

Ma boilers omwe amayendetsa mafuta amtengo wapatali amayerekezera ndi ogula malingana ndi zosiyana. Choyamba, izi ndi zokolola - mwachitsanzo, mitundu yambiri yachilendo ikuwonetsa ntchito yogonjetsa, osati pafupi kulengeza. Pa nthawi yomweyi pakhomo lamagetsi ogulitsa mafakitale amadziwonetsera okha kuti ali otetezeka, ogwira ntchito komanso nthawi imodzi yokondweretsa zipangizo. Komabe, mitundu yambiri ya mafakitale akuluakulu a ku Russia amalephera kupindula kwambiri ndi katundu wathu - mtengo wotsika poyerekeza ndi zifaniziro zochokera kunja. Komanso, kufooka kwa magetsi otsika pamsika, anthu ambiri amawona kufunika kogula chithunzithunzi cha kunja ndi mavuto poika ndikugwiritsa ntchito thermocouple.

Kutsiliza

Zida zotentha mafuta zimapindulitsa m'njira zambiri. Choyamba, izi ndizochulukirapo zachuma pogwiritsa ntchito mafuta. Ichi ndi chomwe chinapangitsa kuti pakhale njira yowonongeka yopangira mafakitale olimba. Komabe, sikoyenera kuonetsetsa kuti mafakitale a gasi akuyendetsa bwino, chifukwa ntchito yawo imapereka zofunikira zambiri kwa opanga ndi ogwiritsa ntchito. Kwenikweni, izi ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zolimba zokhudzana ndi chitetezo chomwe chimapangitsa kuti zida zowonjezera zowonjezera zikhale zolimba. Kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, palinso mitundu ina yoletsedwa yotsatiridwa - mwazinthu zofanana, ntchito ndi kukonza.