Chitsulo choponyera kuchokera ku chitsulo kusiyana ndi kusiyana kwa maonekedwe?

Munthu wodziwa bwino amakhulupirira kuti zinthu zazikulu zamangidwe za nthawi yathu ndizitsulo. Munthu amene amamvetsa amadziwa kuti mawu akuti "chitsulo" amatanthauza zida zachitsulo - chitsulo ndi chitsulo choponyedwa. Zikuwoneka kuti zida ziwiri zosiyana kwambiri ndipo zimakhala zosavuta kusiyanitsa. Komabe, atapatsidwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mitundu yawo ndi mawonekedwe awo, mzere wosiyana kwambiri ndi mankhwala ena a iwo ndi ovuta kudziwa. Ndikofunika kukhala ndi luso lina kuti mudziwe yankho la funso: Kodi kusiyana kotani pakati pa chitsulo ndi chitsulo?

Chitsulo choponyedwa

Alloy yomwe ili ndi chitsulo, kaboni muyeso wa 2.14-6.67, sulfure, phosphorous, manganese, silicon ndi zowonjezera zina zimatchedwa chitsulo. Mbiri ya smelting inayamba mu Iron Age. Maziko ofunikira, maziko a malingaliro ndi makina onse ojambula zitsulo.

Mafotokozedwe azinthu:

1. Zovuta, zoyera za matte.
2. Kusungunuka pa 1000-1600 ° C, malingana ndi momwe zimakhalira (kwa anthu ogwira ntchito pafupipafupi - 1000-1200 ° C, chitsulo choyera ndi nkhumba chimasungunuka kutentha kwambiri).
3. Kuchuluka kwake: 7200-7600 kg / m ³ .
4. Kutentha kwachindunji: 540 J / (kg˚С).
5. Kuuma kwakukulu: 400-650НВ.
6. Kutsika kwa ductility, kovuta kwambiri pamene akuwumirizidwa; Mitengo yapamwamba kwambiri ya zitsulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndizitsulo zopanda mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu δ = 6-12%.
7. Mphamvu yapafupi: 100-200 MPa, chifukwa chosakwanira mtengo wake ukufika 300-370 MPa, chifukwa chapamwamba-mphamvu ya 600-800 MPa.
8. Zimayesedwa ndi chithandizo cha kutentha, koma kawirikawiri komanso mosamala kwambiri, chifukwa chimadziwika ndi njira yowonongeka.
9. Zimayambitsidwa ndi chithandizo cha mankhwala othandizira, koma chiwerengero chachikulu cha doping chimaphatikizapo kupangira njira.
10. Odziwika ndi wodalirika weldability, wabwino malinability kudula, zabwino kutayika katundu. Kulemba ndi kuponda sikuloledwa.
11. Zabwino kuvala kukana ndi kutupa kukana.

Chitsulo choponyera - zinthu za ziwalo za thupi, zomangira, makina a makina, opangidwa ndi kuponyedwa. Ndilo chigawo chachikulu chachitsulo cha chitsulo chosungunula.

Chitsulo

Mpweya wa carbon-iron, umene uli ndi kaboni mu ndalama zosaposa 2.14% ndi chitsulo - 45%, amatchedwa zitsulo. Zofunika zake:

1. Smooth, ili ndi mtundu wosasuntha womwe uli ndi chiwonetsero cha khalidwe.
2. Kusungunula kuli mkati mwa 1450 ° C.
3. Kuchulukitsitsa kumachokera ku 7,700 mpaka 7,900 kg / m ³ .
4. Kutentha kutentha kutentha: 462 J / (kg˚С).
5. Kutsika kochepa, pafupifupi 120-250 NO.
6. Mapuloteni abwino kwambiri: chiŵerengero cha ndalama zosiyana-siyana δ kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana imasiyanasiyana pakati pa 5-35%, chifukwa ambiri - ≥100-40%.
7. Amtengo wapatali a mphamvu yogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo ndi 300-450 MPa; Chifukwa chokhazikika kwambiri - 600-800 MPa.
8. Ndizotheketsa kukonza katundu pogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala otentha ndi mankhwala.
9. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mwakhama ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zamagulu kuti asinthe katundu ndi cholinga.
10. Oyenerera kwambiri magawo a weldability, machinability wa mavuto ndi kudula.
11. Wodziwika ndi kutsika kwa kutentha kwa mpweya.

Chitsulo ndizitsulo zazikulu zamakono zamakono, zomangamanga, kupanga zipangizo ndi zomangamanga.

Sankhani chiyambi cha mtundu wa gawo

Tikaganizira zochitika zazitsulozi, ndizotheka kugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso chitsulo chosiyana ndi chitsulo. Pokhalapo chinthu chokhacho chitsulo, kukayikira chiyambi chake, ndi zomveka kuti nthawi yomweyo kumbukire zofunikira zazikulu zamakono. Kotero, chitsulo choponyedwa ndizomwe zimayambira. Zimapanga zipangizo zosavuta, mapaipi aakulu, makina opangira makina, injini, zinthu zazikulu zosinthika. Kuchokera ku zida zachitsulo zimapangidwa ndi kukula kwakenthu ndi zovuta, chifukwa cha izi, ntchitoyi imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kotero, ngati pali funso lokhudza chiyambi cha zida, palibe umboni kuti ndizitsulo. Ngati chiwombankhanga chachikulu chimakhala chokongola, chimakhala chitsulo. Ngati nkofunika kupeza chomwe galimoto kapena galimoto yopangidwira zimapangidwira - zizindikilo zina ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito, popeza zosiyana zonsezi zingatheke.

Zojambulajambula ndi kusanthula ubwino

Kuti mudziwe momwe mungasiyanitse chitsulo chopangidwa kuchokera ku chitsulo kupita ku diso, muyenera kukumbukira kusiyana kwakukulu kwa maonekedwe. Chitsulo choponyedwa chimadziwika ndi matt imvi ndi chegher kunja mawonekedwe. Chitsulo chimakhala ndi mthunzi wonyezimira wonyezimira komanso wosalimba.

Komanso chidziwitso chofunikira cha kusiyanitsa chitsulo chopangidwa kuchokera ku zitsulo ndizodziwa za pulasitiki za zipangizozi. Ngati zofufuzidwa zapadera kapena zinthu zitsulo zilibe phindu lalikulu, mukhoza kuziyesa mphamvu ndi mapulasitiki pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yoopsya. Chitsulo chosungunula chimaphwanya zidutswa, pamene chitsulo chimangokhala zokha. Ndi katundu wovuta kwambiri wofuna kupundula, ziphuphu za chitsulo choponyedwa zidzakhala zazing'ono zosiyana, ndi zidutswa zachitsulo - zazikulu, zokhazikika nthawi zonse.

Dulani ndi Kupalasa

Kodi mungasiyanitse bwanji chitsulo chosungunuka kuchokera ku chitsulo kunyumba? Ndikofunika kupeza fumbi laling'ono kapena nsalu zazing'ono. Popeza chitsulo chimakhala ndi pulasitiki, ndiye kuti nsalu zake ndizopotoka. Chitsulo chachitsulo chimagwedezeka, pamene kubowola, kumeta tsitsi pang'ono kumapangidwe limodzi ndi fumbi.

Kuti mutenge fumbi, mungagwiritse ntchito fayilo kapena rasp ndi kuchepetsa pang'ono mbali ya chidwi. Zotsatira zabwinozi zimaperekedwa pamanja kapena pepala loyera. Chitsulo chosungira chimakhala ndi kaboni wambirimbiri monga mawonekedwe a graphite inclusions. Choncho, pamene mukupukuta fumbi lake, "grace" yakuda yakuda imakhalabe. Mu steels, carbon ili mu dziko lopanda malire, kotero mawonekedwe pamtunda sapereka zotsatira zowonekeratu.

Kutenthetsa ndi kuyatsa

Kodi mungasiyanitse bwanji chitsulo chosungidwa kuchokera ku chitsulo? Ndikofunika kuti mugwiritse ntchito ndi zipangizo zofunika komanso pang'ono.

Poyamba, mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito kutentha, mwachitsanzo, pogwiritsa ntchito blowtorch, kuvala chovala chodziŵika bwino ndikuwona malamulo otetezeka kuntchito. Kutentha kumafunika kukonzekera kusanayambe kusungunuka kwazitsulo. Zakhala zanenedwa kale kuti malo osungunuka a chitsulo choponyera ndi apamwamba kuposa a chitsulo. Komabe, izi zimakhudza makamaka chitsulo choyera ndi nkhumba. Ponena za mafakitale onse - ali ndi kaboni muyeso woposa 4.3% ndi kusungunuka kale pa 1000-1200 ° C. Choncho, ikhoza kusungunuka mofulumira kwambiri.

Njira yopezera chidziwitso ngati chitsulo chimasiyana ndi chitsulo ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chitsanzo choyesera pa makina opera kapena pansi pa gudumu lakupera. Kufufuza kumachitika molingana ndi makhalidwe a ziphuphu. Chitsulo chosungunuka chimakhala ndi zofiira zofiira, ndi zitsulo - zowala zofiira zofiira ndi nsalu zoyera.

Zimamveka bwanji

Mbali yosangalatsa ndi momwe mungasiyanitsire chitsulo chopangidwa kuchokera ku chitsulo. Mapale awiriwa amveka mosiyana. Sikofunika kupanga zoimbira za nyimbo zomwe zilipo kale. Koma nkofunika kukhala ndi zitsanzo ziwiri kapena kukhala ndi chidziwitso pankhaniyi. Chitsulo chimadziwika ndi apamwamba kwambiri, chomwe chimakhudza mawu ake. Mukachigunda ndi chinthu chopangidwa ndi zitsulo, mawuwo ndi abwino kwambiri kuposa momwe amachitira ndi chitsulo chamtengo wapatali.

Kuti mudziwe, chitsulo chochokera ku chitsulo kusiyana ndi chosiyana, nkofunika kukhala ndi chidziwitso chaching'ono pazinthu izi komanso zinachitikira. Ndipotu, katswiri wodziwa bwino ntchito yokopa, kugaya, mphero, kubowola, kutembenuka, chithandizo cha kutentha kapena kutsekemera, katswiri wa metallurgist kapena katswiri amawasiyanitsa mosavuta, kuwonetsa kokha kapena kukhudza.