Juan Carlos I: photos, yonena ndi mafumu

Juan Carlos Ine de A Borbón - Mfumu ya Spain, amene anakhala lothandiza. ulamuliro wake unatha pafupifupi zaka makumi anai, imene dziko wakhala ulamuliro wa zigawo kwambiri mu lamakono demokalase. Osati onse anapita bwino ndipo mopitiriza, pa mapewa a achinyamata mfumu Democrat anaponyedwa mavuto onse, amene anadzazidwa ndi dera zandale ndiponso ufumu Spanish.

Mbiri ya mafumu ndi

Juan Carlos Ine ndi membala wa mafumu akulamulira wa Bourbons lapansi. mumpikisanowu inayambira France, ndi nthumwi koyamba mu Spain anali Korol Filipp ndi V, amene inalowa zinachitika kumbuyo mu 1700. Habsburg mafumu, ndi amphamvu kwambiri pa nthawi, pa Ulaya ankaopa kuti Championship adzatengedwa kupita ku manja a Bourbons, kuyambira tsopano kulamulira awiri maufumu lalikulu la France ndi Spain. Patatha izi, Nkhondo ya Spanish Kusinthana, imene Mfumu ya Spain anali saloledwa amati korona French, iye ananena wolamulira yovomerezeka Spain yekha.

Patatha zaka 100 ya ufumuwo unagonjetsedwa ndi Napoleon, koma mphamvu yawo kunabwezeretsedwa 1814. M'zaka 1871-1873 wachifumu inatsogolera Nyumba ya Savoy, koma kuchokera 1874 mpaka 1931. The Bourbons anayambiranso "pa helm". Pambuyo kusankha, mphamvu kunditumiza ku Republican Kumanzere, ndi chifukwa cha masiku angapo zitsanzo osaleka Alfonso XIII anachoka ndi anatengedwa kupita ku ukapolo Italy. Bourbon anali mapeto zosachita atachira mu 1975, pamene wachifumu ulesi wa Spain anatenga Mfumu Juan latsopano Carlos 1.

Ubwana ndi unyamata

Mfumu ya m'tsogolo anabadwa mu banja la wolowa mwachindunji ku Spanish wachifumu, Don Juan Carlos, werengani wa Barcelona January 5, 1938, pamene banja lake anali mu ndende. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti iye anabatizidwa ndi E. Pacelli, amene anakhala patapita chaka Papa ndi dzina Pius XII.

Mu 1947, ku Spain kunali referendum amene 95% omwe adzaponye chisanko kuponyedwa voti yawo chifukwa cha resumption chipangizo monarchical, koma pa nthawi yomweyo, General Franco anakhalabe regent moyo. bilu anali wasenza, amene, monga momwe anali kuyembekezera, si anasonyeza ndi dzina la mfumu ya m'tsogolo. Chinthu ndi wolowa mwachindunji Alfonso XIII mwana wake Juan de Borbon, yemwe anali mdani olimbikira wopondereza Franco, ndipo ngakhale nawo pamalo zinalephereka kutsutsana naye. Choncho, udindo umenewu, anali osankhidwa mwana wake 9 wazaka, Juan Carlos (a mwana wamwamuna woyamba m'banja).

maphunziro

Chaka chotsatira, wolowa tsogolo ufumu anaitanidwa Spain, komwe anayamba kukhala ophunzitsidwa ku sukulu lankhondo la Zaragoza. Chaka cha 1958, iye anaphunzira ku mzinda Marina seamanship Kenako anapitiriza kutumikira mu Air Force la Spain. Iye anamaliza maphunziro ake pa yapamwamba Complutense University, amene anamaliza yekha mu 1961. Profiled zitsulo nkhani sayansi zandale, zachuma ndi malamulo adziko lonse lapansi. Kenako anayamba kutsogolera ntchito ndale ndipo anayamba kuchita nduna ya boma.

kupanga banja

24 wazaka moyo wa Juan Carlos ndinaganiza zomangira chibale cha. kusankha ake anali Mfumukazi Sophia kwa Greece mu ukapolo, ndi mwana wamkulu wa Mfumu Paulo I. Ukwati korona mitu unachitika pa May 14, 1962 ku likulu la Greece - Athens. Pambuyo kokasangalala, kenako banja anakakhala ku nyumba ya ochita zisudzo ku Madrid, iye m'dziko m'masiku athu. Chaka chotsatira iwo anali ndi mwana wamkazi, Elena, patapita zaka ziwiri - mwana wa Christina ndi Sofia mu 1968 anabala mwana wake Filipo, kukhumbira kudzakhala ufumu. Pa nthawi imene Mfumu wakale wa Spain, Juan Carlos ndi Sofia kukula 5 adzukulu.

Wolowa ku Mpandowachifumu Spanish

General Franco analengeza m'malo mwake Juan yekha mu 1969, zomwe zinapatsa mkwiyo waukulu wa atate wake - n'kulemba Barcelona. Wopondereza sakanakhoza kuzisiya korona "aliyense", kotero zosangalatsa anayandikira mosamala ndipo anaona Juan m'malo a malonda, makamaka chifukwa wosankhidwa ndi zochita zawo zinasonyeza kuti iye anali okonzeka kutsatira njira ya Franco. Iye anachita ntchito ya "mnyamata wabwino" ndipo wophunzira ngakhale analumbira "National Movement" ndipo wanena thandizo la Franco.

M'chaka cha 1974 Franco yoikidwiratu Juan kuchitanso mutu wa dziko. Mu November chaka chotsatira, pambuyo pa imfa ya General Franco, nyumba yamalamulo analengeza kubwezeretsedwa kwa mafumu, mfumu anatsimikizidwa Juan Carlos Ine de A Borbón. Photo coronation wa mfumu yatsopano patatha zaka zoposa makumi atatu, chinali chopanda Chisipanishi wachifumu kwa anthu ambiri - kukumbukira nthawi yaitali chochitika anatsata nyengo wopondereza Franco.

Woyamba demokalase kusinthika

Mwamwayi, mfumu yatsopano sankafuna kutsatira njira ya Franco ndipo nthawi yomweyo anapita kusintha kwakukulu kwa zida lonse boma. Iye anaikidwa pa mtengo wa nduna yaikulu Adolfo Suarez ndale nazo. Ntchito yaikulu zinali yosalala ndipo ambiri Chofunika, yovomerezeka kusintha demokalase. Pofika chaka cha 1976 udaikidwa ndi "Act pa lisinthe," zinali anali kuyembekezera kukhala mphamvu Wasintho wakale boma chikalata malamulo.

Mu 1977, kukaniza onse pa zochitika za chitsutso zipani anali atakwezeka. M'chaka cha chaka chimenecho, unachitikira chisankho chake choyamba zina aphungu, ndi yophukira zinali zodzaza ndi kusintha kapangidwe m'zigawozo dziko kuchokera unitary ku boma: zinalengedwa yoyenda yokha Basque Country ndi Catalonia. 1978 zinali zodzaza ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo atsopano demokalase ndi kasupe 1979 oyambirira chisankho aphungu pansi malamulo a inachitika.

Democratic kusintha, imene Juan Carlos Ine, anakankhira bambo ake kuti mawu ndi zochita zake ndi kuzindikira mwana yovomerezeka mutu wa boma. Ndipo mu 1978, Chiwerengero cha Barcelona anapuma. Ambiri European achepetse akulamulira, mpaka ndiye sanamuzindikire Mfumu Juan Carlos, anamuzindikira monga ulamuliro yovomerezeka pa mpando wachifumu Spanish, koma m'dziko zinali mphamvu akhafuna bwerera ku njira ya wopondereza Franco, iwo anali nationalists ndi asilikali.

"Mulungu kupulumutsa Mfumu!"

Pa mutu wa 6, boma la dzikoli, mu 1981, panali pofuna yopanda magazi kulanda boma. alonda kwakukulu anathyola mu yamalamulo boma anagwira anthu ndi ziwanga ku lamulo la zoika ku positi nduna yaikulu "wake" ambiri. Koma mfumu si kulankhulana ankayenera iye, iye anati chitsutso lakuthwa. Opandukawo anali asanakonzekere ndi m'mawa anakakamizika kudzipereka kwa akuluakulu a boma.

Juan yonena kuchuluka Choncho kwambiri, ngakhale pakati kumanzere-phiko Republicans ndi oppositionists ena. Zinali zinthuzo mu 1981, mtsogoleri Communist S. Carrillo, asanalankhule za mfumu yokha akumwetulira monyogodola pa nkhope yake, anafuula mu zikusonyezanso maganizo kutsogolo makamera: "Mulungu kupulumutsa Mfumu!".

Juan Carlos 1 ankaona kuti ulendo wa Spain democratization anachita. Anagwirizana kuti atuluke alowererepo yogwira ndale m'zochita za boma, makamaka mu chisankho chotsatira aphungu mu 1982 ambiri mavoti anaponyedwa mu mtima wa Democrats Social. Kuyambira pamenepo wachita ntchito ya mutu mwadzina wa boma, woyang'anira ulemu makhalidwe ndi kutchuka kwa woyang'anira woyera wa boma ndi anthu, ndipo ankagwira ntchito Mtsogoleri Wamkulu.

The zoipa wa zaka zaposachedwapa

Mu 2012, anayamba mndandanda wa zinthu zoipa zokhudza banja lachifumu. Panthawi imeneyi, panali achezera mavuto azachuma ku Spain. Komabe, izi sanaleke zosangalatsa. Juan Carlos ndinapita ku Botswana cholinga cha njovu kusaka. Malinga kuwerengetsera makampani zowerengera, wakhala anakhala mozungulira miliyoni 44 mumauro. Mfundozi anachititsa mkwiyo woopsa anthu, ena olimbikitsa anatenga m'misewu ya Madrid anadzudzula zinyalala kwambiri mu nthawi ya mavuto a zachuma.

Mu chaka chomwecho anayamba kufufuza pa mlandu kuba ndi ziphuphu. Mlandu wa ngakhale kwambiri kapena zochepa, ndipo iye Infanta Cristina ndi mwamuna wake, Iñaki Urdangarin VI. milandu ofunda akhala anawabweretsera yekha mu 2014. Pambuyo kumuyalutsa uyu, mfumu ya anakakamizika kufalitsa atchedwe malisiti. Malinga ndi iye, mu 2011, ndalama pachaka mfumu inali pafupifupi mamiliyoni 293 mumauro, 40% limene linaperekedwa kwa bajeti boma mu mawonekedwe a msonkho.

Unatha

Zaka zomalizira za ulamuliro wake, salinso wamng'ono Juan Carlos 1 (a Bourbon mafumu amene nakhalanso ndi unayamba hue demokalase) anadandaula za moyo wake. Chifukwa cha ichi chinali renunciation wake kwawo. June 18, 2014 linali tsiku lomaliza, pamene mfumu ya Spanish mafumu anali H. Carlos. Akuluakulu ndikufuna perekani iye mutu wa Chiwerengero cha Barcelona, koma woimira Bourbons kuti akaweruka retiring sanafune kuti mayina aulemu ndi chabe Juan Carlos, popanda "Ufumu" kapenanso "HH". Tsiku lotsatira, June 19, 2014 mu Spain, analowa ufulu wawo mfumu yatsopano, mwana wa Juan Carlos - Felipe.

Mogwirizana ndi mboni ndi kamera pa abdication kwa nkhope ya mfumu kunawala ndi chimwemwe. Juan Carlos Ndinadziwa bwinobwino kuti anachita kwa dziko lakwawo kwambiri: kuti ali kukhonzanso boma la ku kupondereza nkhondo demokarase, mwa mawu a zachuma, Spain wawasinthira kuchokera agrarian ndi zina zamakono chitukuko cha chitukuko European. Iye anayenda msewu zabwino ndi demokalase, koma si mantha kutenga amphamvu, pamene m'pofunika mu 1981. Zinatheka chiyani adani odzipereka - chikominisi ndi Franco. Ndipo patapita zaka 39 ntchito phindu la dziko adapitapita pa holide popanda mangawa ku dzikolakwathu.