Maufumu wakale Tmutarakan: kufotokoza, mbiri ndi madera

Ancient maufumu Tmutarakan - ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu enigmatic ndi pang'ono odziwika formations, angelo, amene anakhala kunyumba kwa a kummawa Asilavo. Izo zinakhala pa Taman chilumba.

mwachidule

Tmutarakan ukulu analipo m'zaka za m'ma X-XI. Inali ndi makilomita mazana angapo kuchokera gawo lalikulu la Kievan Lazaro. mayiko amenewa munalekanitsidwa ndi Black Sea steppes, anthu osamukasamuka.

ukulu likulu anali Tmutarakan. Ndendende zokhudza tsiku inalowa ake kuti boma Kievan palibe. Mwina, linga la anagonjetsedwa ndi Sviatoslav Igorevich mmisonkhano kum'mawa motsutsa Khazars. Ndiye iye anamuwononga mdani likulu Sarkel pa magombe a Don, ndipo mwina anapita Taman Peninsula.

doko malonda anakopeka amalonda ambiri ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Chifukwa cha ukulu uwu unali ambiri ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana Tmutarakan mwa zigawo Russian. Apa anakhala Khazars, Agiriki, Ayuda komanso anthu ambiri ku Caucasus Ossetians, Alans, etc ...

Inalowa kuti Kiev

Chifukwa malo ake Hrs doko anakhala mlatho pakati Russia ndi Byzantium. Grand Duke Vladimir Svyatoslavich anawatumiza ku dera la mwana wake Mstislav wolimba, amene analamulira apa mu zaka 990-1036. Mwina zimenezi Mbatizi a Lazaro Tmutarakan Ufumuyo mkhalidwe wawo. mfundo ndi yakuti pa nkhondo ndi Byzantium, iye anapita ndi asilikali Crimea, amene anali wosiyana doko khwalala yaing'ono. Pamaso kuti Tmutarakan a Byzantium. Mafumu a Constantinople pa mavuto sangathe kuwalamulira ngodya akumidzi a mphamvu yake kumpoto Black Sea gombe. Pamene Russ anabatizidwa, Vladimir umakhoza Tmutarakan monga Angachitsekereze yolimbana ndi kuopseza steppe.

Mstislav

mwana wake Mstislav zonse anachita nkhondo ndi anansi ake. Choncho, mu 1022 iye anakonza ntchito yochotsa migodi Alan. Pankhondo Mstislav anali angakuthandizeni Ufumu wa Byzantine, amene anamenya m'chigawo ndi ufumu Chijojiya. nkhondo imeneyi anadziwika chifukwa chakuti mu folklore anakhalabe ndi chikumbukiro cha dueling machesi Russian asilikali ndi Rededi. Zinali Prince Kasogs m'dera fuko. Malinga ndi chikhalidwe chakumaloko, nkhondo pakati pa asilikali ingathetsedwe pambuyo duel pakati pa atsogoleri awo. Choncho, wopambana wa duel pakati Rededi ndi Mstislav akanakhoza kutenga zonse anali nazo Goliyati. Russian kalonga adakwanitsa kupambana Kasogs. Mstislav anafotokoza zotsatira za chakuti Lady athu anawachonderera kwa iye.

Pambuyo kuwina Tmutarakan wolamulira anatenga mkazi wake ndi ana Rededi. Komanso chikangoperekedwa ndi msonkho kwa onse Kasogs. Duel anaonekera mu mbiri angapo wakale ndipo otchulidwa "Lay", motero ankagwira. The zojambulajambula wotchuka Nikolay Rerih akuonetsedwa nkhaniyi pa lona mu 1943, pa Great zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo, kudutsa izo nkhawa kwambiri a nkhondowo ndi akuneneratu kugonjetsa mdani naye.

Nkhondo ndi Kiev

Mstislav zokhumba lekani pa ukulu kutali Tmutarakan. Iye ankafuna kuti Kiev. Zaka zingapo pambuyo pa imfa ya bambo ake, Vladimir Mstislav Svyatoslavich layamba kumenyana ndi m'bale wake Yaroslav Ngwanzeru zakuya. Iye analephera kupeza Kiev, koma anagwira Chernigov, amene anapanga nyumba yake. Komabe, Mstislav anaiwala za Tmutarakan. Adakonza maulendo angapo kumapiri. Mu 1029 kumenyana ndi yasami. Patapita zaka zingapo zombo Russian anaonekera mu Nyanja ya Caspian, ndi asilikali Asilavo ngakhale anapita ku Caucasus, m'chigawo wakale wa Arran. Panthawi imeneyi Tmutarakan anathandiza Alan. m'mudzimo kunyumba zosiyanasiyana adventurers ndi mercenaries kuchokera konsekonse mu dziko.

Mstislav molimba mtima kunali kwakukulu Mkhristu. Pambuyo akugonjetsa Rededi iye anayika mwala woyamba mu Tmutarakan kachisi. Pambuyo pa chiwonongeko cha mzinda, anagwa - mabwinja ake anali anapeza zinthu zakale ano. Atamwalira Mstislav kusaka mu 1036 ndi ukulu Tmutarakan nachoka kwa akalonga Kiev.

akalonga wopanda khalidwe

Zotsatirazi Mstislav Vladimirovich patali m'mphepete mwa analamulira akalonga wopanda khalidwe amene anatumizidwa pano kapena pansi ukalamba kapena chifukwa cha chikhalidwe akuluakulu. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1064 apo akulamulira mdzukulu wa Yaroslava Mudrogo - Gleb Svyatoslavich, amene anathamangitsidwa ndi msuweni wake Rostislav Vladimirovich. Remoteness ku Kiev anachita Tmutarakan yabwino m'bwalolo kuti wosatha nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Akalonga ovomerezeka kuno makamaka chifukwa cha mercenaries pakati pa wongosamukasamuka Polovtsian. N'zosadabwitsa kuti akazembe ochepa anavomera adzalamulira ngati m'mphepete akumidzi onse Tmutarakan ukulu. Mapiri ndi steppe inkaopseza zonse m'deralo.

Mu 1069-1079 gg. mu malamulo baht Gleb - Aroma. Iye anaphedwa Polovtsi pa nkhondo ina. Kenako adabwerera kuno otsiriza chomveka Tmutarakan Prince Oleg Svyatoslavich. Iye akanakhoza kukhala wolamulira wa Chernigov, koma chifukwa ubale ndi zowonongeka ndi mpando wachifumu Kiev, iye anathawa mpaka kumalekezero a dziko lapansi. Iye anali pafupi Roma pa zinalephereka nkhondo yake yomaliza. Ngati Roma kuphedwa, ndiye Oleg anatengedwa nkaidi chinaperekedwa kwa Byzantines dipo. Pa nthawi imeneyi, mfumu ya Constantinople, anali wothandizana naye Kalonga Kiev - mdani wa Svyatoslav. Choncho, kwa zaka zingapo, Oleg anali mu ukapolo pachilumba cha Rhodes. Pa nthawi iyi mu Tmutarakan anapambana Kalonga chisokonezo. Apa mwachidule mizu ana a Yaroslava Mudrogo - akalonga a wopanda khalidwe David I. ndi Volodar Rostislavich. Dera la ukulu Tmutarakan mantha ndi khamu Polovtsian. The Agiriki anakhulupirira kuti dziko lawo ndi m'dera Russian akalonga zimasamalidwira ngati anzanu yochepa ndi atumiki.

Oleg Svyatoslavich

Chifukwa cha wakubayu Polovtsian latsopano mfumu Aleksey Komnin mu 1081 anaganiza kuti mupewe zamanyazi za Oleg. Pa nthawiyi, Chernigov ukapolo akhoza kukwatira mtsikana Greek ndi adzakwatirane mosakanizikana ndi wotchuka mabanja achifumu wa Constantinople. Mu 1083, chifukwa cha thandizo la mfumu anatha kupambana Tmutarakan wakale Russian ukulu. Oleg ali mutu wa archon (ie kazembe wa mfumu yaikulu). Izi zilili kwa zaka khumi, pamene m'chigawo anali pa mtendere ndi malonda opindulitsa.

Komabe, mu 1094, Oleg anaganiza zobwerera kumudzi. Iye anasonkhanitsa asilikali a Polovtsy ndipo anapita kugonjetsa Chernigov, omwe anali kale anali kulamulidwa ndi bambo ake. Popeza nkhondo inkayamba, Oleg ndi Vladimirom Monomahom. Chifukwa chakuti Tmutarakan wakunja anabweretsa kwa Russia ndi magulu a wongosamukasamuka ndipo anayamba nkhondo opanda chifundo, iye kum'patsa dzina Gorislavich. Mu 1097 Oleg potsiriza Novgorod-Seversky. Mpaka imfa yake, sanabwerere ku kutali Tmutarakan.

mapeto Tmutarakani

Nthawi yotsiriza ndi ukulu Tmutarakan otchulidwa mbiri Russian anali mu 1094. Kenako, m'mphepete mwa kukhala wotsekeredwa kunja kwa dziko mayi awo. anthu Russian pang'onopang'ono pang'ono ndi pang'ono zinatheratu. M'zaka za m'ma XII mphamvu ya Taman chilumba kunditumiza ku Byzantium. Kamodzi 1204, Western Akhristu analanda Constantinople mu madera Black Sea analamulira chisokonezeko komaliza ndi zizindikiro otsiriza a boma anachoka ku dzikolo. Apa anayamba hegemony a steppe lapansi. Koma ngakhale zili choncho, malemu Ages Middle pa gombe anaonekera Taman malonda njuchi ya Genoa, amalonda aziwapatsa Ulaya zosowa katundu kum'maŵa kwa Crimea ndi Kuban.

Kuphunzira mbiri ya ukulu wa

Tmutarakan wakale Russian ukulu ndi mbali zake, ndi lero amakopa chidwi cha akatswiri ambiri: azambiriyakale, amafufuza zamakezana ndi anthu osunga nkhani zakale. Pa malo a madera Russian zafukulidwa ndi lero, kuthandiza kuchotsa chophimba mwachinsinsi pa moyo wa State. Ndalama Tmutarakan Duchy kuliganizira. Lililonse bwanamkubwa anayamba minting ndalama zake. Systematization zokhudza ndalama akale chikalata Tmutarakani, amalola kuti mudziwe zambiri za ndiye boma ndi dongosolo.

Kuyambira nyengo makedzana, ifenso anali mabwinja a matchalitchi. Mmodzi wa Maulendo Union tinapezanso necropolis. Komanso, pafupi ndi tauni anali obisika Mkhristu.

Tsiku ndi tsiku moyo Tmutarakani

Tmutarakan anali linga ndi makoma kumbuyo. Makombo a ena a iwo anapulumuka. m'tawuni unamangidwanso kangapo. Mu X atumwi, izo anakhazikitsa dongosolo latsopano limene chofanana kadinalayo. Tmutarakan ukulu Kuban dziko, kupereka zokolola lochuluka. Mu likulu, pafupi ndi nyumba iliyonse anali nkhokwe zawo kapena kosungira cholinga ofanana.

History Tmutarakan ukulu amadziwikanso akuphunziridwa kwa katundu wa m'nyumba anapeza Maulendo ofukula zinthu zakale. Mosiyana ndi maukulu zina Kievan Lazaro, apa wochuluka ntchito glassware Byzantine kupanga. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi zoumbaumba wambirimbiri anapeza (jugs, amphora ndi T. D.). N'zosadabwitsa kuti ena zakale zolembedwa zopezeka Tmutarakan, zinalembedwa Greek. Asilavo amapeza pa malo uyu ali makamaka kugwirizana ndi zinthu akalonga, alonda, atumiki ndi Orthodox Chimonko. Tmutarakan - nkhokwe ya rarities ofunikira kudzera malonda ndawala, amene anali ikuchitika ku doko m'dera. Yabwino doko anakopeka amalonda ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana.