Matenda a irises. Irises: kusamalira kunja

Maluwa okongola ngati irises amakondedwa ndipo amakula kwambiri ndi alimi a maluwa ndi wamaluwa m'madera osiyanasiyana a dziko lapansi. Mitengo ya mbewuyi, yosinthidwa kuti zikhale zosiyanasiyana, zambiri, ndi maziko ake, obereketsawo amapanga mitundu yokoma. Pafupi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maluwa awa, mbali za chisamaliro ndi kubereka, komanso za tizirombo ndi matenda a irises, nkhaniyi idzafotokoza.

Ndani anamutcha dzina?

Wodziwika kwambiri wa filosofi wachigiriki ndi mchiritsi Hippocrates adayitanitsa maluwa awa mitundu yosiyanasiyana polemekeza mulungu wamkazi Irida. Iye anali, ngati utawaleza, womwe unagwirizanitsa kumwamba ndi dziko lapansi, kulengeza chifuniro cha milungu kwa anthu. Komanso, mu Chigiriki chakale "iris" amatanthawuza, pamwamba pa zonse, utawaleza, ndiyeno dzina la duwa. M'zaka za zana la XVIII, katswiri wa zachilengedwe Karl Linnaeus, amene adalenga mgwirizanowu wa mayina ndi mayina a zomera, osungirako dzina lake lakale. Tisanayambe kunena za zomwe zingakhudze matenda a tizilombo ndi tizilombo toononga, tiyeni tione mwachidule zamoyo za zomera.

Malongosoledwe a zomera

Maluwa ngati Iris, omwe amadziwika kwambiri ndi wamaluwa ngati pinki kapena tangents, ndi a banja la Iris. Monga lamulo, awa ndi osatha rhizomes, koma palinso zomera za tuberous. M'chigawo chathu chofala kwambiri ndi oimira rhizome a iris, m'malo momvera mosamala komanso mwachikondi kwambiri madzi. Maluwa a Iris amapanga rhizome yakuda, yomwe ili pansi pang'onopang'ono ndipo nthawi zambiri imachokera kunja, ndi mizu yambiri yoonda ngati ulusi. Masamba obiriwira a maluwawa ndi owopsa ndipo amakhala okhwima, owombedwa ndi mawonekedwe oyera a mtundu wa xiphoid. Mu mitundu yambiri ya irises, amakula ngati mawonekedwe ofanana ndi mawonekedwe. Maluwa amayamba, kubzala ndi kusamalira zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zomwe zimapanga, zimakula kuchokera kumapeto kwa masika mpaka pakati pa mwezi wa June.

Mbali za maluwa

Mu mitundu yonse ya irises, maluwa ali pamtunda wamphamvu komanso wamphamvu. Nthaŵi zambiri, maluwa ndi osakwatira, komanso amapezeka ang'onoang'ono inflorescences. Kujambula zithunzi kungakhale kosiyana kwambiri - koyera kumakhala kofiira. Lero pali mitundu, maluwa omwe amajambulidwa muwiri kapena mitundu yambiri. Pali maluwa okongola asanu ndi limodzi, ndipo nthawi zina pamakhala katatu, mkati ndi kunja komwe zimasiyana mofanana, kukula ndi mtundu. Pambuyo maluwa, chomeracho chimapanga chipatso - bokosi lopangidwa ndi katatu, lomwe lili ndi mbeu 20 zakuda.

Kodi mitunduyi ndi yotani?

Alimi ogulitsa mbewu ndi amalima amaluwa amagawanila mbewu zonse m'minda ya zipatso m'magulu akuluakulu 13, ngakhale ena amawona kuti iwo ali pafupifupi 17. M'dziko lathu, zimakhala zogawikana kugawidwa m'munda wamtunduwu.

• Bearded;
• Siberia;
• Japanese;
• Kuwonetsedwa;
• Arylbreds ndi aryl;
• Sporia;
• Chipatala;
• Evansia;
• Chipinda cha m'mphepete mwa Pacific;
• Osadziwika bwino.

Mndandanda umenewu ndi wofunikadi, koma mmoyo wamba kuphatikizapo zosavuta komanso zomveka bwino za magulu onse a gululi zimagululidwa: ndevu ndi osakhala anthu. Ambiri mwa minda ndi yaikulu, ojambula zithunzi za bearded irises. Izi zimaphatikizapo mitundu yambiri ya zomwe zimatchedwa German high bearded irises.

Mosiyana ndi irises ndebvu, pamagulu a m'munsi omwe muli "ndevu" zowonongeka ndi villi, nkhope yopanda nkhopeyo ilibe chokongola choterocho. Gululi limaphatikizapo mitundu irises ya irises:

- Siberia (I. sibirica);

- marsh (I. pseudacorus), amatchedwanso kunama-aira;

- Japan (I. japonica);

Louisiana (I. Louisiana);

- sporia (I. spuria);

- California (I. californian).

Tidzayesera kufotokozera mwachidule mitundu yonse ya mitunduyi.

Iris barbata

Iris ndewe ndi wotchuka kwambiri ku gulu lonse la iris. Mpaka pano, pali mitundu pafupifupi 35,000, ndipo chaka chilichonse pali zatsopano. Dzina lake linapatsidwa kwa maluwa awa chifukwa cha velini yofatsa yomwe ili pamunsi pamunsi. Mu mitundu yambiri, mtundu wa "ndevu" umasiyana ndi mtundu waukulu wa duwa, womwe uli ndi mapiri asanu ndi limodzi. Kutalika kwa iris, bearded imagawidwa m'magulu atatu:

1. Pamwamba - kuposa mamita 0.7;
2. Zofiira pakati - kuyambira 0,4 mpaka 0,7 mamita;
3. Low, yomwe kutalika kwake sikupitirira 40 masentimita.

Kusinkhasinkha kwa maluwa kungakhale kokonzeka kapena kugwirizana. Iris germanica ndi wa gulu la irises ya bearded .

Whale wa Siberia

Mosiyana ndi mitundu yolimba ndi yodzichepetsa ya iris ya ku Siberiya ya Siberia, mitundu yochokera kwa iyo ili ndi chikhumbo chapamwamba cha chikondi ndi kuwala. Zomera za gulu ili zingakule kufika mamita 1 msinkhu. Masamba awo ndi ofooka kuposa a ndevu, ndipo amakhala ndi kuwala. Mitundu ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana imabwera mumitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi maluwa kumapeto kwa kasupe. Mukhoza kusankha zosiyanasiyana kuti maluwa apitirire mpaka kumapeto kwa July. Matenda omwe amayamba kulimbidwa ndi kusinthasintha kwa iye si owopsya, ndipo ngakhale nthawi zambiri samayambitsa tizirombo.

Wachi Irish (Marsh) Iris

Amatsegula golide-wachikasu, ndi "bulakwa" kochepa, maluwa kumapeto kwa May - oyambirira June. Mtundu uwu wa irises umakula bwino, mpaka masentimita 40 masentimita a madzi, komanso m'mphepete mwawo. Zimakula bwino dzuwa ndi penumbra.

Mkanda wa pakati, mitundu ya irises monga California, Louisiana, Japan ndi Sporia ndi yosawerengeka, chifukwa pali mitundu yochepa yosiyanasiyana yomwe imasinthidwa kuti ikhale yovuta, ndipo imakhala yochepa, osati yotsika mtengo.

Maluwa irises: kubzala ndi kusamalira

Kugula irises, nkofunikira kufotokoza mtundu wa mitundu yomwe mumapeza, chifukwa izi zimakhudza kusankha malo odzala. Mitundu yamakono yamitundu yonse ya ndevu ndi yosaphatikizapo irises amakonda dzuwa, lotentha, lotetezedwa kumalo a mphepo. Komabe, mitundu ngati mvula, yosalala ndi yofiira, ndi zomera zosakanikirana. Mitundu ya irises yosalala komanso yam'madzi, komanso mitundu yomwe imachokera kwa iwo, zimalimbikitsidwa kubzala malo osungira madzi osadziwika, ndi bristly - m'mphepete mwa nyanja kapena m'madera otentha.

Mitundu ina ya irises imabzalidwa m'katikati mwa kasupe kapena m'dzinja, nthawi yabwino kwambiri kumapeto kwa chilimwe - masabata oyambirira a autumn. Musanabzala mitengo yambiri ya maluwa, nthaka iyenera kukumba mozama 20 - 30 masentimita, komanso kupanga phosphorous-potaziyamu ndi feteleza-feteleza ndi humus. Pambuyo pa irises, kusamalidwa kumbuyo kumaphatikizapo kuthirira ndi kuthira pamwamba, kuchotsa namsongole ngati n'kofunikira.

Mitengo iyi imayenera kubzalidwa zaka zitatu kapena zisanu zilizonse, monga zidutswa za rhizome zimachoka pamwamba pomwe zikukula. Chifukwa cha ichi, dera la chakudya limachepa ndipo amasiya kupuntha. Zingathenso kutsogolera chitukuko cha matenda a iris.

Kodi tingafalitse bwanji?

Zomera zosathazi zimafalitsidwa ndi mbewu ndi vegetatively. Mbewu imagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchito yosankha ndi zomera zomwe zimapezeka mwanjira iyi zimatuluka mu zaka 2-3.

Njira yosavuta komanso yofikirika yofalitsa irises ndi zomera, zomwe zimakhala zogawanika ndi mbeu ya mayi, ndipo zowonongeka zimabzalidwa m'nthaka. Kuika ndi kugawanika kosatha ndi bwino pakatha masabata awiri kapena atatu kutha kwa maluwa. Zolinga zapansi zimakhala zapadera komanso zochepa - kotero kuti nsonga ya rhizome ili pamwamba pa dziko lapansi. Kudzala kwakukulu kungapangitse kukula kwa matenda a irises komanso ngakhale kupha imfa. Zomera zimapezeka m'njira imeneyi pachimake chaka choyamba mutabzala.

Zizindikiro za matenda ndi mayendedwe

Mitengo yambiri mu gulu ili imakhala yosagonjetsedwa ndi matenda, koma popanda nyengo yowonongeka ndi kuwonongeka kosiyanasiyana ku nthendayi, matenda awa a irises angayambe:

1. Heterosporiosis (septoriosis) , imawonetsedwa ngati mitundu yambiri ya chikasu, yomwe ili pamtunda pa tsamba lonse la tsamba. Ngati matendawa akuwonjezeka, mawangawo amakhala ofiira ndi kuphatikiza umodzi. Chomeracho chikuwoneka chofooka, chimamasula kwambiri, ndipo masamba amauma. A heterosporium imakhala ndi kusowa kwa calcium ndi phosphorous m'nthaka. Komanso chitukuko chake chingayambitse nyengo yamvula yamkuntho komanso mvula yambiri yamkuntho. Kuchokera ku matendawa maluwa irises kumayambiriro magawo amathandiza kupopera mbewu ndi 0,4% njira ya colloidal sulfure kapena 0,3% zamkuwa zamakironi.
2. Bacteriosis (kuvunda kwa chonyowa) ndi matenda owopsa kwambiri, chifukwa amayamba mofulumira kwambiri. "Zizindikiro" zoyamba za matendawa ndi kuyanika ndi kukasupa masamba. Ndiye pansi pa "fan", ndiyeno rhizome imakhudzidwa ndi zowola ndi khalidwe losasangalatsa. Chifukwa cha bacteriosis chikhoza kukhala kutsika kosayenera - kulowa mkati mopitirira muyeso kapena malo amdima kwambiri ndi malo amchere. Pazizindikiro zoyamba za kugonjetsedwa kwa matendawa, muyenera kukumba chomera ndi kuchotsa gawo lomwe lakhudzidwa nalo. Gwiritsani ntchito "ntchito" ndi potaziyamu permanganate, ndiyeno ndi kukula kulikonse. Pambuyo pake, rhizome youma bwino, kenako idabzalidwa mosiyana ndi zomera zina mu nthaka youma, kuyesera kuti musamuike.
3. Fusarium . Ndi matendawa iris akupitiriza kukula komanso kukula, koma pano masamba amayamba kutembenukira chikasu, kenako amawoneka bulauni. Pofuna kuteteza chitukuko cha matendawa, musanadzalemo rhizome osatetezedwa mwachindunji mu 0.2% ya maziko a maziko a theka la ora. Ngati chomera chikufalikira, ndiye pansi pa rhizome timamwa madzi omwewo.
4. Malo a leaf angayambe chifukwa cha nyengo yoipa. Zizindikiro zoyamba ndi mawanga a mtundu ndi kukula pa masamba. Mukawazindikira, nthawi yomweyo fulani mankhwalawa ndi 0,3% yothetsera mchere oxychloride kapena 1% ndi Bordeaux madzi akuchokera.

Tizilombo ta maluwa

Irises ya matenda ndi tizirombo zingakhudze. Pakati pa tizilombo ndi:

• Medvedka, mokondwera kugona rhizomes. Polimbana nalo, mungagwiritse ntchito zida zapadera za nyambo, kuzikumba pansi pozungulira iris.
• Kasatikovaya (yozizira) fosholo. Mbozi za tizilombozi zimadyetsa pang'onopang'ono, ndipo anthu achikulire amadula zida za peduncles. Kuukira koteroko kumathandiza kuti chitukuko cha bacteriosis cha irises. Mu nthawi ya kukula kwa maluwa m'pofunika kutsanulira iwo ndi kulowetsedwa kwa chitsamba chowawa: 10 malita a madzi otentha galasi la phulusa, supuni ya sopo iliyonse yamadzi ndi 300 g udzu amaikidwa. Chidebe chomwe chili ndi yankho chatsekedwa ndipo chatsalira kuti chigwiritse ntchito maola 5-6. Mwamsanga mutatha kugwiritsa ntchito kupopera mbewu mankhwalawa. Mukhozanso kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya biologic yogulitsidwa m'masitolo apadera.
• Mtsikana wa Iris maluwa , wofanana ndi ntchentche wamba, amatha m'nyengo yozizira, koma m'nyengo yamasika amakoka ndi kuika mazira ake. Umu ndi mmene irises amavutikira. Matenda a masamba ndi imfa zawo zimachokera mkati ndipo amadyetsa mbozi. Mphukira yomwe imakhudzidwayo imatha kuwonongeka ndipo, ndithudi, sichitha. Akatswiri amalangiza kuti zomera zizitha kuchiritsidwa pa maonekedwe a masamba, komanso kumayambiriro kwa siteji ya budding ndi tizilombo todabwitsa. Masamba okhudzidwa ayenera kuchotsedwa nthawi yomweyo ndikuwonongedwa.

Kuwonjezera pa tizirombo tanenedwapo, irises ikhoza kukhudzidwa ndi slugs, May maluwa, maworworms, mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya thrips ndi nematodes.