Mapiri: mapiri dongosolo, mitundu ndi pafupipafupi kuphulika

Lero tiona nkhani imeneyi chidwi, monga mapiri. Kapangidwe ka mapiri ndi gulu zawo zikufotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane m'nkhani ino.

Mapiri nalo dzina lake ndi dzina la Vulcan, mulungu wa moto. Akuimira dongosolo Geological wochitika pa TV ndipo ming'alu mu matanthwe a pansi padziko. mapiri lalikulu zimatha kuyambitsa pamaso panu, osati ndi choonetsedwa wosayerekezeka. Padziko lapansi kudzera ming'alu ndi njira ejected chiphalaphala thanthwe zidutswa ndi mpweya otentha ku gwero magmatic. Mapiri ali ambiri apangidwe mankhwala kuphulika mapiri payekha. Iwo akhoza kufika kutalika zamitundu zikuluzikulu. Mwachitsanzo, pa mapiri waukulu wa Africa - ndi Kilimanjaro (mamita 5895), Cameroon (mamita 4100) ndi Phiri Teide (mamita 3,718).

Zinatha, matalala ndi yogwira mapiri

Chifukwa panopa ndi amene panopa anakalipa intermittently kapena mosalekeza. Mwachitsanzo, mapiri panopa African - ndi Nyiragongo, Meru, Karisimbi, Phaco, Teide. M'tulo - mapiri awa, amene palibe kuphulika zambiri, koma adasunga mawonekedwe awo ndi zivomezi m'dera zimachitika pansi iwo. Zinatha anatchula sawona bwinobwino ndipo lowonongeka, osati mapiri yogwira. Photos of phiri yogwira Arenal ili Costa Rica, ndi anapereka m'munsimu.

Division fissure mapiri ndi pakati

Mapiri anawagawa ndi fissure chapakati ndi mawonekedwe a ngalande kudya. Poganizira kapangidwe ka phiri (chiwembu pansipa), tisaiwale kuti chapamwamba chovala chiphalaphala zipinda mwina pa akuya pafupifupi 50-70 makilomita (mwachitsanzo, kuphulika Kamchatka Kluchevskaya Knoll). Ena mwa matanthwe a pansi padziko pa akuya mamita 5-6 (Italy kuphulika Vesuvius) kapena zakuya.

Yaitali yochepa kuphulika

kuphulitsa mapiri kungakhale yaitali (kwa zaka zingapo zaka mazana angapo) ndipo yochepa, amene anayeza ndi koloko. Iwo akhoza zimachitika precursors awo zochitika lamayimbidwe, zivomezi chiphala, kusintha kapangidwe ndi katundu maginito fumarole mpweya komanso zinthu zina zochitika, zizindikiro pamaso mapiri zimatha kuyambitsa. Photo la phiri lomwe anakalipa ndi anapereka m'munsimu.

Kodi amayamba kuphulika?

Childs, chimayambira mu kuti amveke amapezeka mpweya. Iwo anadzaponywa kunja poyamba ndi ozizira, mdima chiphalaphala chomenyedwa, kenako ndi red-hot. Nthawi zina, mpweya awa anatsagana ndi kutsanulidwa kwa chiphalaphala. Kuyambira makilomita 1 mpaka 5, malingana ndi mphamvu kuphulika zimasiyanasiyana ndi Nyamulani kuchuluka makombo chiphalaphala cha zimalimbikitsa nthunzi ya madzi ndi kutentha, gasi. Ndipo lalikulu kuphulika kuphulika akhoza kumasula mankhwala ngakhale pamwamba kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1956 chaka Kamchatka pa kuphulika kwa phiri mayina zinali makilomita 45. Pa mtunda wa zikwi angapo makumi a zikwi makilomita anasamutsa ejected zakuthupi. buku zake zina kufika makilomita ochepa kiyubiki. Ndende mumlengalenga la chiphala phulusa ena kuphulika kungakhale kwambiri moti pali mdima, mofanana ndi m'nyumba mdima. Zinaonetsa, makamaka mudzi wa Chinsinsi, ili 40 kukafika ku phiri mayina, mu 1956.

Kamangidwe ya phiri, pansipa, anadza katiphedza kubvesesa matabwa ake.

Kodi anakalipa?

Kuphulika - ichi kusinthana mabomba amphamvu ndi ofooka ndi utuluke chiphalaphala. mabomba pazipita mphamvu wotchedwa pachimake paroksizom. Kuchepetsa mphamvu ya mabomba ndiyeno kutha kwapang'onopang'ono kwa kuphulika anati pambuyo pawo. Ambiri makilomita kiyubiki chiphalaphala akukhamukira kutaya mapiri lalikulu. chithunzi m'munsimu limasonyeza kapangidwe ka phiri. chiwembu Izi zikuperekanso chithunzi chooneka bwino cha mmene Inayamba.

mitundu ya kuphulika

Osati nthawi zonse kuphulika chomwecho. Iwo 4 mitundu malingana ndi kukhuthala chiphalaphala ndipo chiwerengero cha mankhwala (olimba, gaseous ndi madzi): a zachiwawa (Vulcan), extrusion (mzikiti), wosakaniza (Strombolian) ndi effusive (Hawaii).

Chihawayani mtundu, kawirikawiri kupanga chishango chiphalaphala amakhala ndi ndi bata kutsanulidwa kwa basalt (madzi) chiphalaphala kuti ndipamene mu zimaphala ndi chiphalaphala umayenda lamoto nyanja madzi. Munali pang'ono mawonekedwe mpweya akasupe zomwe zimatulutsa madontho apezeka chiphalaphala chopangidwa ndi chitsulo chosungunula ija woonda chingwe cha galasi pa ndege.

Mtundu strombolian, zomwe kawirikawiri kulenga strato-mapiri, pamodzi ndi mwachilungamo wodzaza ndi andesitic utuluke chiphalaphala cha basaltic zikuchokera chimakhala chogwidwa ndi mabomba yaing'ono, imene zimatulutsa zidutswa za slag, komanso osiyanasiyana spindly ndi wokhotakhota bomba.

Mtundu mzikiti ndi zinthu gaseous mbali yofunika kwambiri. Iwo amapanga mabomba ndi mpweya mitambo yaikulu wakuda tikulephera khamu makombo chiphalaphala. Small chiphalaphala utuluke kupanga viscous andesite.

mankhwala kuphulika

Olimba, mpweya ndi madzi ndi osiyana chiphala kuphulika mankhwala. mipweya chiphala amene anamasulidwa onse pa kuphulika (otchedwa eruptive), ndipo pa chete ntchito kuphulika (furamolnye) kuchokera ming'alu amene ali pa phiri, ndi ku Chigwa pyroclastic ake miyala ndi utuluke chiphalaphala kupanga akasupe a madzi otentha, kudutsa kudzera pansi pa.

Chiphalaphala - incandescent kapena madzi viscous kwambiri, makamaka silicate misa wothiridwa ndi kuphulitsa mapiri padziko Lapansi (onani m'munsimu muli chithunzi cha kuphulika mu gawo mtanda.). chiphala mwala anapanga pamene solidifies.

Volcanics (chiphala mwala) - miyala kuti anapanga chifukwa cha kuphulitsa mapiri. Amadziŵika, malingana ngati khalidwe ali kuphulika effusive kapena effusive (diabase, liparites, trachyte, andesite, basalt, ndi ena.) Pyroclastic kapena mapiri-clastic (chiphala breccia tuffs) chiphala miyala.

mayunitsi chiphala

Tectonic vuto (tectonic yopuma) - uyu zikuchitika chifukwa kutumphuka kayendedwe thanthwe kukhulupirika kuphwanya (unagunda, chigamulocho zolakwa, kusintha, kukha, etc.).

chithunzi m'munsimu limasonyeza kamangidwe ya phiri.

Malinga ndi kapangidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha chiphala nyumba chiphalaphala pamwamba ndi misanje ndi zooneka mosiyanasiyana. Nthawi iliyonse ndi dongosolo lapadera la phiri. The chithunzi pamwamba - ichi ndi chitsanzo. zipangizo chiphala zigwirizana wa mng'alu kapena njira tubular, ndi danga (ndi kumtunda kwa njira), mankhwala vulkanooblomochnyh ndi accumulations chiphalaphala ozungulira mbali zonse ngalande, ndi Chigwa (nyuzi woboola pakati kapena kapu woboola pakati recess kumbali kapena pamwamba pa phiri, awiri amene ranges ku mamita angapo makilomita angapo ). Mitundu ambiri ali tapered, ndi predominance la umuna wa detritus zosiyanasiyana ndipo ozungulira (pamene cholizira viscous chiphalaphala).

Osati kokha kupyolera mu mfundo ya Chigwa chachikulu zimachitika zotupa, komanso kudzera mbali (mwinamwake otchedwa parasitic) zimaphala amene mapiri. Kapangidwe kuphulika yodziwika chakuti zimaphala ndi malo otsetsereka mbali, komanso pa kamtunda ndithu kuchokera ku mfundo yaikulu. Nthawi zambiri umodzi kuphulika mpweya amene angatithandize padzikoli njira anapanga nyuzi woboola pakati matendawa,. Iwo m'mphepete mwa kutsinde annular, wopangidwa mwa midadada ya Mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri zimaphala awa ali odzazidwa ndi madzi. Iwo amatchedwa Maar. Nthawi zina kuphulika chiwawa limodzi ndi chakuti mbali ya nyumba paphirilo kutha. Nthawi zambiri imeneyi imagwiranso kumadera amene ali pafupi ndi mapiri. Kapangidwe ka mapiri ndi zina zimabweretsa kugwa kwake. Matendawa, omwe inakhazikitsidwa m'zaka awiri izi zimatheka ndi angapo makumi angapo makilomita. Iwo akutchedwa calderas.

mapiri m'madzi

Kapangidwe ka mapiri tinakambirana. Tikumbukenso kuti mmodzi wa mtundu wawo ndi m'madzi, yomwe ili pansi pa dziwe. Today Hrs ndondomeko kuphulika wa mtundu uwu ali anaikira mabacteria makamaka mwa atatu chiphala: Atlantic, Mediterranean ku Indonesia ndi Pacific. Malingana ndi kafukufuku wa zakale za padziko lathuli ku mawonedwe a nthaka, mu ukulu ndi mawu a mankhwala mpweya akubwera kuchokera Earth, iwo ali apamwamba kwambiri kuposa pa dziko. Ngati dziko pachaka kwa 20-30 kuphulika pafupifupi adza kwa makilomita kiyubiki 1.5 osungunula chiphalaphala chaka, ku mapiri undersea mu nthawi yomweyo linaphulika nthawi 12-15 chuma. Yogwira sitima zapamadzi mapiri zamoyo mu madzi a nyanja pafupi pamwamba. Ndipo kwa iwo pambuyo zimadalira kuchuluka kwa mpweya woipa odzipereka nyanja.

Kuphulika kwa mapiri m'madzi

Ngati posungira ili pamwamba paphirilo moto pyroclastic pamoyo pamene kuphulika kwa madzi zimalimbikitsa ndipo kenako kufalikira padziko moto. Kwa nthawi yoyamba madipoziti ngati yatchedwa mu Philippines. Zinapangidwa pa chochitikacho mu 1968, kuphulika kwa Taal chiphalaphala umene uli pansi pa nyanja. The miyala ya mtundu uwu kawirikawiri wochenjera wavy zigawo za pumice. Islands akhoza kupangidwa ndi kuphulika kwa mapiri. Mwachitsanzo, ili mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean, paphirilo chilumba cha Reunion.

Zimayambitsa chiphala

The ubwenzi pakati pa mbali yoyamikira kutumphuka ndi ntchito chiphala mabacteria dziko lapansi akusonyeza malo Hrs a mapiri. Aumbike mwa mabacteria ngati zolakwa ndi njira kudzera amene chiphalaphala chimatsatira pamwamba. Izi zikachitika, zikuoneka mchikakamizo cha njira zosiyanasiyana tectonic. Pamene kuthamanga kwa mpweya kusungunuka chiphalaphala ndi nikula koposa kuthamanga pa akuya overlying, iwo anayamba kusunthira pamwamba, onyamula chiphalaphala. Mwina, pa crystallization kwa chiphalaphala kwaiye mpweya kuthamanga pamene nthunzi ndipo mpweya yotsalira Polemeretsedwa mbali madzi. Chiphalaphala monga zithupsa. The moto kuthamanga analengedwa ndi Kupeleka wambirimbiri zinthu gaseous. Zingakhalenso chimodzi mwa zifukwa zimene kuphulika lapansi.

Mapangidwe ndi kapangidwe ka phiri - mutu ndi chidwi kwambiri. M'nkhaniyi, ife mwachidule anayang'ana pa iwo. Kapangidwe mkati mwa phiri akadali chidwi chiwerengero cha ofufuza. Iwo akadali zikugwira phunziro ake.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba pa zaka zake kusukulu, tiyenera mukudziwa zomwe ndi phiri. Geography zimatipatsa mwayi kuyandikira kumvetsa mmene dziko lathuli zoti. Dziko lapansi zinadzala ndi masamu ambiri kuthetsa kukhala m'badwo wotsatira. Kumene, kusukulu, tiyenera kulankhula zazikulu kokha pamene tiphunzira kapangidwe ka phiri. Maphunziro 5 - osati m'badwo pamene muyenera kupita nkhaniyi. Komabe, nthawi zina zikhoza kutheka ndi ayenera kukhala. Tikukhulupirira mwaphunzira zinthu zatsopano nkhaniyi.