Pamene anapeza Antarctica? Mufufuze chimene atumwi anapeza Antarctica

Antarctica - ikafika Africa, kontinenti chimodzi, akhala anakhalabe Yachilendo pa makadi. linakhalapo anaganiza pa chiyambi cha nthawi yathu ino. Kuyambira pamenepo mpaka nthawi imene Antarctica linatsegulidwa, panapita zaka zoposa khumi. Chifukwa cha ichi lagona inaccessibility wa otsika kutentha kwambiri, n'kulowera ayezi ndi luso ungwiro.

maganizo

Kuti tiyankhe funso kaya, zimene atumwi anatsegula Antarctica, akhoza anafika kumathandiza kupeza ngodya zosiyanasiyana. M'masayansi ambiri kudziwika nthawi ya chodabwitsa imatengedwa kuti tsiku limafotokonzera. Pali ngakhale yoyenera akuti "kutsegula pa nsonga ya cholembera." Ngati madera anazindikira njira imeneyi, lero mabuku akanayang'ana mosiyana. nthawi A pamene Antarctica linatsegulidwa, chingaoneke kalekale. Ndiye, anzeru ambiri ndalemba za kukhalako Nkosatheka kwa dziko ili kum'mwera kwa dziko kudziwika.

Dzina la Africa kwa nthawi yoyamba kutchulidwa m'ma AD chachiwiri mu zolemba za malo, Greek Marina Tirskogo. Antarctica - njira zosiyana kozizira. Pa dziko kutali kum'mwera ndipo analemba Aristotle, amene anaganiza kuti kunali koyenera kuti linakhalapo moyenera dziko owonjezera kumpoto. Version a mu chinabisidwa Pamilunguyo ndi wotchuka wakale zakuthambo Ptolemy.

zoyesayesa

Yankho la funso kuti: "Kodi atumwi anapeza Antarctica" Kodi akhale wosiyana ndi kudziwika kwa ife lero ngati kupambana korona mmodzi kufuna kwa anthu Africa mwachinsinsi, ikuchitika mu zaka XVI-XVII. Mmodzi wa maulendowa kutsogoleredwa ndi Amerigo Vespucci. Iye anali mu m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi, adapezeka la South Georgia. zombo kowonjezereka isapitirize chifukwa chisanu modabwitsa kwambiri.

Kenako wotchuka kuyesa, amene ndinali nawo mwayi kusintha maganizo athu zimene atumwi mwapeza Antarctica zinapangidwa ndi James Cook. Mu 1773 sitima motsogozedwa wake kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri anawoloka Antarctic Circle. Cook upainiya zilumba zingapo Arctic ndi wokongola kwenikweni pa madzi a mu chimodzi. Komabe, msewu watsekedwa ndi ayezi akuluakulu. Pa sizilephereka kuti kudali chotero chopinga wapaulendo analemba kenako mu zolemba zake. Iwo anali pambuyo pa zaka 50, kopanda izi anakana Russian oyendetsa Faddey Bellinsgauzen ndi Mikhail Lazarev.

The kwambiri atulukira Hrs

Wotchuka ulendo m'chombo "Mtendere" ndi "East" anayamba m'ma 1819. Anatsogolera ulendo, omwe cholinga chawo chinali atulukira Antarctica, Lazarev ndi Bellingshausen. Kupita panyanja kum'mwera anakumana zilumba zitatu, kenako unkadziwika ndi gulu Marquis de A akudutsa. Anafika Earth Sandwich, Cook adatseguka, ndipo anapeza kuti ndi zilumba. Iye natchedwa ndi Sandwich Islands. January 16 (Old kalendala) 1820 zombo kupirira ntchito kuti sanathe kuthetsa Dzheyms Kuk. Posakhalitsa anafika ku mtunda mwachilungamo yochepa ku gombe la Africa achisanu, kenako wotchedwa Mfumukazi Martha Coast. Popeza kutsegula kwa Antarctica Bellingshausen ndi Lazarev. Tsiku lanuli chochitika - January 28 (zaka kalembedwe) mu 1820.

Baibulo lina

Komabe, pali osiyanasiyana. Bellingshausen ndi Lazarev osati anafika pa Africa lapansi. Pachifukwa ichi, osati ofufuza onse amavomereza kuganiza mutu chiwerengero cha tsiku pamene anapeza Antarctica. Mu madera, monga mwa sayansi iliyonse, pali malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, anatulukira ndi imatengedwa kuti ndi munthu pamaso pa phazi lina pa dziko latsopano. Mu nkhani iyi, "ngwazi za mbiri" ndi Chinorowe oyendetsa Kristensen ndi Borchgrevink. Masana, pamene iwo anatsegula Antarctic, ndi 23 January 1895. Komabe, amalimbikitsa Baibulo ili pang'ono, ndipo tsiku boma amakhalabe sichinasinthe.

kuloŵerera

nthawi pamene Africa achisanu pang'onopang'ono anayamba zinsinsi zake, anakhala XX atumwi. Mu 1911, kukaona Roald Amundsen. Pakati zikayenda yake inali yoyamba m'mbiri ya ulendo bwino kwa Pole South. Posakhalitsa anafika gulu ndi Robert Scott, amene anali chisoni anaphedwa pamene ndimabwerera.

Mid ya atumwi inali nthawi ya chitukuko mafakitale Africa achisanu. Iwo anayamba kuphunzira yaikulu ya Antarctica kuyambira 1956. Izo ndiye anafika ku gombe la Chile, woyamba Soviet ulendo kutsogoleredwa ndi Mihailom Somovym. Zisanachitike izi ndi magulu kafukufuku wotsatira anakhazikitsako ntchito siteshoni zida, deta pa zochitika mumlengalenga ndi zinthu kutentha, nyama dziko Africa, chikoka cha mpweya misa kusunthira kutali, nyengo m'mayiko ili kumpoto.

mgwirizano wamayiko

Mu 1956 kuphunzira Antarctica sichinayambe malamulo mpaka kumapeto. Pangano komaliza pa mlingo wa mayiko anafikira mu Kumayambiriro a 1959, pamene mayiko anasaina "Pangano la Antarctic." Iye anapanga Africa chimodzi woyendera nthambi ufulu wa ntchito za usilikali. Pa m'gawo lake kuyambira nthawi choletsedwa kutaya poizoni ndi zinyansi nyukiliya. Kodi walola dziko? Antarctica pa nthawi imeneyo, akatswiri afika mphamvu angapo, koma panali anthu amene ndimangofuna kutero. Chirichonse chimene chinali, iwo onse anakana kalekale nthawi zodzinenera malo. Chimodzi Africa wakhala malo mgwirizano padziko lonse sayansi, ndi kukhala choncho lero.

zikayenda

M'nyengo Soviet, maofesi angapo anakhazikitsidwa mu dera la Africa achisanu. Pa chiwerengero cha chaka chonse kuthamanga mpaka eyiti ntchito achangu kafukufuku. Iwo anali kupatsidwa kwa anthu 180 m'nyengo yozizira. Mu chilimwe, chiwerengero cha antchito anafika 450.

Pakuti nthawi zonse wa Soviet Antarctic ulendo (SAE) chinapezeka mwa zosiyanasiyana zina zofunika zokhudza kontinenti ya. Kudera mapu anaonekera zigwa, mapiri, kumalo ndi zilumba. zochitika ngati afufuza monga Aurora ndi mikuntho maginito. chidwi linaperekedwa kwa chikoka ofufuza weathering ikafika Africa pa nyengo zina za padziko lathuli. Zikayenda asayansi Soviet anali maziko a chitukuko cha mapulogalamu Russian asayansi Antarctica.

modernity

M'malo mwa EPS pambuyo kugwa Soviet Union anafika Russian Antarctic ulendo. Chaka chilichonse pa mavuto a mu achisanu anatumiza ofufuza kupitiriza ntchito ya akapolo anzawo akale. Today chiwerengero cha okwerera lalikulu ntchito chaka chonse asanu. Zochitika za kafukufuku ikuchitika pa dziko lawo. Kupatula izi, kutaya awiri kumalo ozizira nyengo siteshoni kumunda. Pa nthawi kafukufuku chomwecho pa Africa akuchitanso akatswiri oposa mazana awiri Russian.

patsogolo

Chimodzi M'dziko - osati achisangalalo. otsika kutentha kwambiri ndi mphepo yamkuntho mphamvu mphepo - kuti anatchuka chifukwa Antarctica. Ocean, ozungulira ake, oipa kwambiri. Choncho, apa nthawizonse ankatumiza anthu ndi thanzi labwino ndi mtima wofuna, anatha kupirira katundu wolemera ndi kusankha zochita contingencies zovuta. Komano, zinthu zimenezi ndi okhala pa luso ntchito yomanga ndi zida okwerera. Mwamwayi, mlingo atsopano a sayansi kupita patsogolo amalola mamembala a ulendo ndi nthawi yochepa kuwonongera kusunga zinthu omasuka anakhala awo a m'mphepete nkhanza. Chifukwa cha zikamera wa umisiri watsopano, zipangizo ndi njira, akatswiri amatha mu utumiki awo a ntchito chaka chilichonse, ndipo timaphunzira zambiri za zinsinsi za Africa achisanu.

chodabwitsa

Chitsanzo chabwino cha zipambano ndi kubowola ayezi pafupi siteshoni "Vostok". Pamenepo, 50s mochedwa Mu zaka zapitazo malo a nyanja atsimikiza. Malowa ali pamtunda pansi nkhungu wosanjikiza wa chisanu, zikuoneka kuti kulibe ofunikira kwa zaka mamiliyoni angapo. Lake, dzina lake kwa "Vostok" siteshoni pangakhale malo tizilombo, konse Anakumana ndi biosphere lapansi.

Chifukwa cha tikubooleza padziko subglacial madzi thupi wakhala akwaniritsa mu 2012. Asayansi ankalowa nkhani yotengedwa. Analysis wa deta losemphana ofufuza anachita. DNA mbali ya ambiri tizilombo zapezeka, koma pali mwayi kuti ena a iwo analowa mu ndondomeko kuboola, ndi ena ndi zotsalira za zolengedwa zinatha.

Kuphunzira nyanjayi ndi chidwi komanso chifukwa ntchito njira Mwaichi, kungakhale kothandiza m'tsogolo. Asayansi amaganiza kuti adzafunika pa chitukuko cha dera la makina a Jupiter (Callisto ndi Europa), pamwamba pa zomwe ankati amabisa maphunziro ofanana.

Choncho, kuphunzira Nyanja Vostok ndi lonse la Antarctica wonse akupitiriza. Tsiku lililonse, asayansi ntchito mu mavuto a mu achisanu pa Kuwulura zinsinsi zake. Ngakhale awo ambili. Inu mukanakhoza kunena kuti mafunso mfundo ndi nthano lachinsinsi kugwirizana ndi maiko asanu, tsopano kuposa iwo anali asanatulukire kuti Antarctica. Tikukhulupirira, ndi wofunitsitsa malingaliro a munthu akhoza kupeza kufotokozera kwa osachepera gawo la masamu kalonga mwachibadwa.