A Kafukufuku asayansi Antarctica Russia

Kuphunzira Antarctica - mbiri, kusonyeza ponseponse anthufe timafuna kudziwa za dziko, nkhani za mzimu ndi wofunitsitsa moyo pachiswe. Six m'maiko, theoretically, kum'mwera kwa Australia, ndi ku America kwa zaka poona ndi ofufuza ndi akatswiri olemba mapu. Koma mbiri ya kafukufuku Antarctic linayamba mu 1819 ndi ulendo dziko Russian ofufuza Bellingshausen ndi Lazarev. Zinali ndiye kuti zinali chiyambi cha chitukuko cha yaikulu ayezi danga, amene ulipobe.

Kuyambira nthawi makedzana

Pafupifupi zaka zikwi ziwiri nthawi imene munali wotseguka ndipo maphunziro oyamba a Antarctica, geographers wakale kale analankhula za moyo wake. Ndiye misa ankakonda mfundo za zimene tingachite lakutali. Dzina "Antarctica" inatuluka mu nthawi ino. Kwa nthawi yoyamba kumachitika mu Martina Tirskogo m'zaka AD chachiwiri. Mmodzi wa olemba a amanena za Africa osadziwika anali Velikiy Aristotel, amaganiza kuti dziko lapansi ndi symmetrical, kutanthauza kuti Africa ndi lina.

Nthano adanyamuka nthawi ina. Pa ena mapu amene choikidwa Zapakati, kuoneka bwino chifaniziro cha "South Land", nthawi zambiri ili padera kapena chokhudzana ndi America. Mu 1929 mmodzi wa iwo anapezeka. Asilikali Piri Reis mapu pachibwenzi 1513 Chaka, ndi achifwamba kuti muli mwatsatanetsatane ndi zolondola kuona gombe la Antarctica. Kodi woyambitsa anatenga mudziwe kuti khadi lanu, Zatsala chinsinsi.

ukuyandikira

M'badwo wa Apeza si pakukhala kwa Kupezeka kwa Africa chimodzi. Research panyanja European yekha mwapang'ono bwalo amafufuza. Zinali zoonekeratu kuti South America "osati Ufumuyo" m'dziko lililonse osadziwika. Mu 1773, Dzheyms Kuk nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri anawoloka Arctic Circle napeza zilumba zingapo Antarctic, koma ngati ndi zochepa. Chimodzi mwa zochitika lalikulu madera zinachitika zaka 50 pambuyo pake.

kuyambira pa msewu

Oyamba ndi woyamba maphunziro a Antarctica motsogoleredwa ndi Faddeya Faddeevicha Bellinsgauzena ndipo ndi nawo mwachindunji Mihaila Petrovicha Lazareva. Mu 1819, a Kronstadt ulendo wa ngalawa ziwiri anapita ku South Pole, "Mtendere" ndi "East". Woyamba anali adzatsekeredwa ananamizira ndi Lazarev okonzeka aziyenda mu zinthu kuzisiya. wachiwiri analengedwa ndi akatswiri British ndi zinthu zambiri anataya "Mtendere." Kumapeto kwa ulendo anali chifukwa cha kubwerera oyambirira a ulendo wa: m'chombomo mu mkhalidwe womvetsa chisoni.

Zombo kuti nyanja pa July 4 November 2 afika Rio de Janeiro. Zotsatirazi cholinga, iwo adzakhale chilumba cha South Georgia ndi Sandwich anabwera padziko lapansi. Iwo anazindikiritsidwa monga zilumba ndipo anadzatchedwa ndi South Sandwich Islands. Ena mwa iwo ndi zilumba atatu apeza: Leskov, Zavadovskiy ndi Thorson.

Kuphunzira Antarctica Bellingshausen ndi Lazarev

Kutsegula zinachitika 16 (27 Chatsopano pa kalendala) mu January 1820. zombo anapita mudziko m'dera masiku ano limatchedwa ayezi alumali Bellingshausen pa Mfumukazi Martha Coast. Pamaso pa isanayambike kozizira yozizira, pamene zinthu zikuipiraipirabe nyengo, maulendowa anapita kangapo ku Chile. Wapafupi sitima Africa anali 5 ndi 6 (17 ndi 18) February.

Kuphunzira Antarctica Bellingshausen ndi Lazarev anapitirizabe kufika chilimwe. Chifukwa, navigation pa mapu angapo zinthu zatsopano wakhala ntchito: Peter Ine chilumba ndi lamapiri, mwina ayezi dziko la Alexander Ine; Atatu Abale Islands masiku ano amadziwika kuti Esplanda ndi O'Brien; Island kumbuyo asilikali Rozhnova (lero - Gibbs), chisumbu Mikhailova (Kornuels), chisumbu cha asilikali Mordvinova (Elifent), chisumbu cha wotsatila asilikali Shishkov (Clarence).

Phunziro loyamba Antarctica inatha July 24, 1821, pamene zombo ziwiri anabwerera Kronstadt.

chopereka ulendo

Oyendetsa molamulidwa ndi Bellingshausen ndi Lazarev pa maphunziro ake chimayendayenda Antarctica. Iwo Anakaligawa okwana zilumba 29, komanso, ndithudi, kumtunda. Komanso, iwo anasonkhanitsa mfundo wapadera kwa atumwi wotsiriza. Makamaka, Bellingshausen anapeza kuti amaundana mchere madzi mu njira yomweyo mwatsopano, mosiyana ndi mfundo za asayansi a nthawi. Kusiyana kokha - kumafuna m'munsi kutentha. Ethnographic ndi masoka sayansi zosonkhanitsira, anafika ndi okwera Russia, tsopano anali pa yunivesite ya Kazan. Kuti Musaone kufunika kwa ulendo si zotheka, koma mbiri ya kufufuza ndipo anapeza Antarctica kwa izo wakhala tangoyamba.

kuloŵerera

Aliyense ulendo kwa Africa kunali zina feat. The mavuto a m'chipululu cha ayezi anasiya mwayi pang'ono kwa anthu kudwala-okonzeka kapena osati wa bungwe. The maphunziro oyamba a Antarctica asayansi zinali zovuta kwambiri makamaka chifukwa mamembala awo nthawi zambiri simungathe kulingalira mpaka kumapeto zomwe iwo.

Izi n'zimene zinachitikira wa maulendowa Carsten Borchgrevink Egeberga. gulu wake woyamba zalembedwa ankafika pa gombe la Antarctica mu 1899. Chinthu chachikulu kuti ulendo anafika - yozizira. Zinali zoonekeratu kuti kupulumuka ndi zotheka ngati pali zida bwino chitetezo pa mavuto a m'chipululu achisanu usiku kumalo ozizira. Komabe, malo wasankhidwa yozizira kwambiri bwino, ndi gulu kunyumba kumbuyo pa mphamvu zonse.

Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma otsiriza, Pole South anali atafika. Choyamba anafika iye ulendo Norway kutsogoleredwa ndi Roald Amundsen mu 1911. Atangoyamba gulu lake anafika South Pole Robert Scott, amene anafa pamene ndimabwerera. Komabe, ambiri zikuluzikulu chitukuko ayezi m'chipululu anayamba ndi phunziro 1956 a Antarctica amamuonera khalidwe latsopano - tsopano kunachitidwa pa maziko malonda.

Igy

Mu zaka za m'ma otsiriza, kuphunzira Antarctica, mayiko ambiri akhala akulimbana. Chifukwa, mu 1957-1958. Khumi limati anam'ponya mphamvu zawo kwa chitukuko cha chipululu achisanu. nthawi iyi, analengeza ndi la International Geophysical Chaka. Mbiri ya Antarctica kafukufuku mwina sadziwa nthawi monga zipatso.

Anapeza kuti ayezi "kupuma" a mu chimodzi ndipo tisatengeke ndi mafunde mpweya pa kumpoto. Mfundozi kunapangitsa kuti molondola kwambiri zanyengo nyengo Padziko Lapansi. Pa kufufuza zinthu zambiri chidwi linaperekedwa kwa anasenza maziko olimba kuti akhoza kukuuzani zambiri za dongosolo la dziko lathuli. Iwo anali kukolola ndi wambirimbiri deta pa zochitika monga borealis, mikuntho maginito ndi kunyezimira kwa dziko.

Asayansi Russian kuphunzira Antarctic

Kumene, ntchito sayansi zaka mbali yaikulu ya Soviet Union ankaimba. Pa mtima a mu okwerera angapo inachokera pa iye nthawi zonse kuti magulu kafukufuku. Ngakhale pamene lokonzekera Soviet Antarctic ulendo (SAE) analengedwa kuti mayiko Geophysical Chaka. cholinga chake chinali kuphunzira njira kunachitika m'mlengalenga Africa, ndiponso momwe anthu awo pa makope misa mpweya, kujambula makhalidwe Geological alili, ndipo mmene thupi komanso malo, chizindikiritso cha dongosolo kusuntha madzi kozizira. Maulendowa woyamba anafika pa ayezi mu January 1956 Ndipo pa February 13 siteshoni "Mtendere" linatsegulidwa.

Chifukwa cha ofufuza Soviet kumalo ozizira kwambiri utachepa nambala ya mawanga woyera pa mapu a mu chimodzi. Iwo anapeza oposa mazana atatu mbali Hrs monga zilumba, kumalo, zigwa ndi zitunda. Imachitika zivomerezi Kafukufuku. Iwo anathandiza kukhazikitsa kuti Antarctica - osati gulu la zilumba mu nthawi kuyembekezera, ndi kumtunda. Mfundo yofunikira kwambiri kawirikawiri wapezeka chifukwa cha ntchito ofufuza pa mphamvu zonse pamene Maulendo ovuta kwambiri kumtunda.

Pa kafukufuku achangu mu Antarctica opareshoni okwerera eyiti kugwira ntchito mu dzinja ndi chirimwe. Usiku kumalo ozizira pa Africa anali anthu 180. Chiyambireni chilimwe, chiwerengero cha ulendo unali kuchuluka kwa gulu 450.

m'malo

Utatha osiyanasiyana Union a Soviet a Antarctica sanasiye. M'malo mwa SAE anabwera Russian Antarctic ulendo. Ndi kusintha kwa luso kunatheka kuphunzira zambiri za Africa chimodzi. Research ku Antarctica asayansi ku Russia akutsatiridwa mu njira zingapo: tanthauzo la nyengo geophysical ndi zina zinthu m'dzikoli, zotsatira zodabwitsa mumlengalenga pa nyengo m'madera ena padziko lapansi, zosonkhanitsira ndi kusanthula deta pa anthropogenic katundu okwerera kumalo ozizira pa chilengedwe.

Popeza 1959, pamene "The Antarctic Pangano" yosainidwa, Africa achisanu wakhala malo mgwirizano padziko lonse, free ku ntchito za usilikali. Kukula kwa Africa la chisanu ikuchitika mayiko angapo. kafukufuku Antarctic mu nthawi yathu - chitsanzo cha mgwirizano chifukwa cha sayansi kupita patsogolo. Nthawi zambiri maulendo Russian ndi zikuchokera lonse.

nyanja chachinsinsi

Pafupifupi palibe lipoti lina la maphunziro aposachedwapa a Antarctica ndi kwathunthu popanda kutchulanso m'malo chidwi chinthu opezeka pansi ayezi. linakhalapo unaloseredwa AP Kapitsa ndi IA Zotikov pambuyo Geophysical Chaka pamaziko a deta pa nthawi imeneyo. Nyanja imeneyi madzi oyera East ili pafupi ndi malo homonymous pansi ayezi wosanjikiza makulidwe a 4 Km. Kutsegula kwa kufufuza kutsogoleredwa ndi asayansi Russian mu Antarctica. Izo zinachitika mwalamulo mu 1996, ngakhale kuti anali mu 50s mochedwa ankagwira ntchito pa phunziro la nyanja malinga Kapitsa ndi Zotikova.

Apeza poona dziko la sayansi. Chotero nyanja subglacial ali olekanitsidwa kukhudzana ndi pansi padziko, ndi pa zaka mamiliyoni ambiri. Theoretically ndi okwanira madzi ndi mkulu wa ndende mpweya angakhale zamoyo zosiyanasiyana, asayansi osadziwika. Chinthu yabwino kwa kukula kwa moyo onse mokwanira mkulu kutentha kwa nyanja - kuti + 10º pansi. Kumalire umene umawalekanitsa mosungiramo padziko, ndi ayezi ozizira - onse -3º. M'nyanja Akuti akuya 1200 m.

Mwina kudziwika nyama ndi zomera osadziwika kwachititsa kusankha kubowola ayezi m'dera la East.

Chiwerengerochi posachedwapa

Pobowola ayezi m'dera mosungiramo inayamba mu 1989. Patapita zaka khumi izo anaimitsidwa pa mtunda wa pafupifupi 120 mamita m'nyanjayi. chifukwa ndi mantha ofufuza yachilendo kuipitsa topezeka particles pamwamba, chifukwa mu gulu lapadera la zamoyo amasokonekera. Asayansi Russian sanali mumaona choncho. Posakhalitsa anayamba ndi kuyesedwa latsopano, zida zambiri zachilengedwe-wochezeka ndipo mu 2006 anayambanso ndondomeko pobowola.

Pamwamba pa nyanja anali akwaniritsa February 5, 2012. zitsanzo madzi anatumizidwa kwa kusanthula. Phunziro zotsatira za zitsanzo zingapo lofalitsidwa mu July 2013 Mu zitsanzo anapeza zoposa zitatu ndi theka zikwi mindandanda DNA, imene 1623 anali chilamulira chikhalidwe ndi mtundu makamaka kapena mitundu: 94% - mabakiteriya, 6% - eukaryotes (makamaka bowa) ndi wina mindandanda awiri a Archaean. Pali zizindikiro kuti kapadera kuti pali zinthu zikuluzikulu mwa nyanja. Mbali ya mabakiteriya anapezeka ndi majeremusi nsomba, chifukwa mwina m'kupita kwa mudziwe zambiri kuwapeza.

akatswiri amanena kuti zotsatira m'malo amantha, kufotokoza ndi zosiyanasiyana zimenezi mindandanda matope, chipale bulauni. Komanso, zikuoneka kuti ambiri mwa zamoyo, limene mwina a DNA anapeza kalekale atayika. Lang'anani, kafukufuku asayansi Antarctic ku Russia ndi m'mayiko ena angapo m'chigawo zikupitirirabe.

Moni zakale ndi m'tsogolo

Chidwi Nyanja Vostok chifukwa kuphatikizapo n'zotheka kuphunzira topezeka kudera, ofanana ndi amene wakhalapo padziko lapansi zaka zambiri zapitazo, pamene malemu Proterozoic. Ndiye padziko lathuli tinasintha mzake glaciations angapo lonse, iliyonse yotha kwa zaka mamiliyoni khumi.

Komanso, kuphunzira Antarctica mu Nyanja District, yemwe ndondomeko zitsime kuboola deta, kusanthula ndi kutanthawuzira zotsatira zikhonza kukhala zothandiza pa chitukuko tsogolo la mafuta Jupiter miyezi, Europa ndi Callisto. Mwina, pali ofanana nyanja ndi topezeka ake zam'chitini pansi padziko. Ngati kungoganizira zikutsimikiziridwa, ndi "nzika" pansi-ayezi nyanja ku Ulaya ndi Callisto angakhale zamoyo koyamba kunja lathuli.

Mbiri ya kufufuza ndipo anapeza Antarctica bwino Chitsanzo cha zonse chokhumba anthu kuti mukulitse chidziwitso chawo. Kuphunzira Africa chimodzi, komanso la International Space Station - chitsanzo cha mtendere co-ntchito angapo limati zolinga sayansi. Africa achisanu Komabe, mofulumira palibe zinsinsi zawo. mavuto amafuna ungwiro zonse luso, zipangizo sayansi, ndi zambiri za mtima wa munthu ndi thupi malire. The inaccessibility a mu chimodzi cha ambiri, kuti pali chidwi chiwerengero cha mipata kuphunzira za izo amalenga zosiyanasiyana nthano za Antarctica. Chidwi mosavuta kupeza nkhani zamkati wa Nazi UFOs ndi zolusa mipira losonyeza, kupha anthu. Monga Ndipotu, chirichonse, kokha mukudziwa ofufuza. Otsatira Mabaibulo sayansi akhoza bwinobwino ndikuyembekeza kuti posachedwapa tidzadziwa za Antarctica pang'ono, kenako ndichepe pang'ono kuchuluka kwa zongoganiza enveloping Africa.