Kuli zosiyanasiyana mitundu - kuti ndi microevolution

Lingaliro la kusanduka monga chitukuko mosalekeza wa zamoyo zonse padziko lapansili, kuchulukitsa kwa zamoyo ndi maonekedwe a mtundu uliwonse lero chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mabuku otchuka komanso atolankhani. Chikaikiro za zamoyo ndi microevolution, kugwiritsa ntchito mawu m'njira populist dilutes mtengo wake, kubweretsa chidwi kwa ndondomeko alili lapansi. Kodi yaying'ono-chisinthiko zamoyo, mawonekedwe ake ndi zotsatira - awa ndi mafunso amene anaphimba m'nkhani ino.

Evolution monga ndondomeko kwachilengedwenso

chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko limatchula mitundu iwiri ya makonzedwe - macroevolution ndi microevolution - monga njira ya chitukuko cha moyo padziko lapansi. Kugawaniza ndi salembedwa zochokera kukula mayunitsi taxonomic, imbaenda ku gulu chisinthiko. Macroevolution akusonyeza mapangidwe taxa lalikulu (mtundu, banja, kalasi, ndi zina zotero) kwa nthawi yaitali. The chifukwa cha microevolution - mapangidwe mtundu watsopano, otsika taxonomic unit. Choncho microevolution ndi mwinamwake otchedwa speciation, mapangidwe mitundu yatsopano pakati pa choyambirira pokhala kudzipatula ubereki ndi kulekanitsidwa mu taxon osiyana.

Pantchito za chitukuko

malamulo onse a chisinthiko speciation mu macrotaxa kudutsa milandu ngati imeneyi ndi malamulo mofanana unit yaikulu ya kusanduka - anthu. Kodi microevolution, mosavuta Chitsanzo pa chitsanzo cha maphunziro okhudzana, mitundu phylogenetically pafupi mwa mtundu womwewo. Mwachitsanzo, mu Arctic, kunyumba kwa mitundu itatu yogwirizana zidindo - zisindikizo Witt, nyalugwe ndi Ross asindikize. Kuwonjezera pa kusiyana maganizo pang'ono kunja, nyama yawo yosiyana, iwo zinachititsa kuti pakhale mitundu umafananirako koma osiyana.

mitundu ya microevolution

Speciation, imbaenda ubereki neskreschivaemosti monga gawo lotsiriza la gulu zamoyo zinachita kudzipatula mwa mitundu, ali njira zingapo. Malinga ndi mtundu wa kutchinjiriza limagwirira kuzindikiridwa angapo mitundu. Ndi microevolution monga:

• Geographic speciation.
• Speciation olekanitsa zachilengedwe a anthu.
• Speciation ndi kudzipatula yake yobereka (dokopulyatsionnoy ndi poslekopulyatsionnoy).

ndi microevolution m'mayiko ambirimbiri ndiponso zachilengedwe chiyani?

Pankhaniyi, kuganizira kudzipatula limagwirira panmictic (kugonana kubereka) magulu a zamoyo, pamene lingaliro latsopano aumbike mchikakamizo cha zinthu chirengedwe kapena chilengedwe. kudzipatula Geographical a anthu amaona chinthu cha kusintha malo chopatsa kudzipatula zosakhalitsa kapena wathunthu wa anthu a mitundu chomwecho. Chitsanzo fanizo - mapangidwe mitundu chilumba. Ndipo kwambiri, mwina, wodziwika mu nkhani iyi - izo Galápagos bindweed, kufotokoza ndi kafukufuku amene anatsogolera Charles Darwin ndi mfundo za chiyambi cha mitundu. Chitsanzo cha zimenezo microevolution monga speciation zachilengedwe ataperekedwa kale - zisindikizo Arctic. Pankhani ya zisindikizo chinthu zachilengedwe anali kudzipatula kwa chakudya. Koma chinthu zachilengedwe ndi zikusiyana pakati pa nyengo kuswana, osiyana mitundu zachilengedwe mwa mitundu, ndi zina zotero.

Dokopulyatsionnaya mawonekedwe kudzipatula monga mawonekedwe a microevolution

Mu nkhani ya ndikosatheka ufulu Kuoloka kwa anthu chifukwa cha kudzipatula, pamodzi ndi kusaphunzira wa zygote (Ndisanaumbidwe) wa thupi, kuti dokopulyativnoy kudzipatula. kosiyanasiyana:

• Kutchinjiriza, akuwuka chifukwa cha makhalidwe a kugonana (ethological). Mwachitsanzo - kwambiri otentha chule, ndi timbre osiyana mitundu kulunjika mating kuimba.
• Kutalikirana chifukwa cha nyumba osiyana ziwalo copulative ndi ubereki. Mwachitsanzo - mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maluwa ndi dongosolo yeniyeni ya duwa, amene amalola kuti mungu okha inayake mbalame ija yotchedwa hummingbird.

Kutalikirana chifukwa cha mismatch wa gametes. Zitsanzo yekha zatsopano chilengedwe njirayo, limagwirira kuli kovuta.

Poslekopulyatsionnaya kutchinjiriza monga limagwirira wa speciation

Pankhaniyi zikutanthauza kuti zygote aumbike. Kodi yaying'ono-kusanduka, mu nkhani iyi, kusonyeza njira zotsatirazi kukwaniritsa wathunthu kudzipatula ubereki wabwino wa anthu mkati mwa mitundu:

• Non-viability wa zygote mu magawo oyambirira ontogeny.
• Imfa ya mwana wosabadwa kapena anthu wamng'ono kufika zaka ubereki.
• The sterility wa hybrids.

Limagwirira zamoyo mawonekedwe kusonkhana ndi zovuta amagwirizana ndi cytological, amuzolengedwa ndi mbali humoral.

Yaying'ono-chisinthiko ndondomeko kukwaniritsa kudzipatula zonse ubereki wabwino wa magulu mwa mitundu yomweyo kumabweretsa mapangidwe a mtundu watsopano wa zamoyo zina kuposa mitundu ya makolo. Koma ndi chiphunzitso. Siyense kudzipatula anthu zidzapangitsa kuti kudzipatula ubereki, aliyense kudzipatula ubereki kungachititse kuti mapangidwe mitundu yatsopano. Kodi mu chiphunzitso cha kusanduka - ndi microevolution akuyamba ndi kutchinjiriza komanso chimatha.