Kodi allotropy? allotrope mpweya, Chemistry

Zifukwa zosiyanasiyana mankhwala organic - luso kupanga chosiyana mpweya maatomu unyolo ndi m'zinthu ali inakula. Kuti ndi chodabwitsa isomerism. Ndipo chifukwa zosiyanasiyana yosavuta zinthu zochita kupanga? Iwo likukhalira kuti inu funso ili kuphunzira zimene allotropy. Ndi chifukwa ichi chodabwitsa zachirengedwe dziko la zinthu mankhwala wamanga kuli yosiyanasiyana ya mankhwala yosavuta.

Kodi allotropy?

Kuyankha funso limeneli kukhala choncho. zodabwitsazi ndi kuli chimodzimodzi mankhwala amafotokozera mu mawonekedwe a zinthu zingapo yosavuta. Ndiko kuti, ngati selo 118 mu tebulo nthawi, sizitanthauza kuti nambalayi maatomu mu chirengedwe. Aliyense wa zinthu (pafupifupi onse) ndi mitundu limodzi kapena angapo, kapena zosintha allotropic.

ndi zinthu zosiyana zonsezi? Chifukwa chodabwitsa mu funso kulemerako awiri:

• nambala osiyana maatomu mu molekyulu (allotropy zikuchokera);
• wosiyana latisi Kapangidwe (mawonekedwe allotropy).

Nthawi zambiri lingaliro amagwirizana ndi polymorphism yaitali. Komabe, pali kusiyana pakati pa iwo. Kodi allotropy? Izi kusinthidwa wa zinthu mankhwala zinthu zosiyana yosavuta, kaya ndi mu dziko lirilonse la loitanirana. Ngakhale polymorphism - lingaliro ili ntchito yokhayo olimba crystalline zinthu.

Various zosintha allotropic mankhwala zambiri amaimira zilembo za Chiroma pamaso dzina. Alpha ndi akuziika kutsogolo kwa mawonekedwe, amene ali osachepera limatsogolera kutentha kwa kuwira. Komanso pansi zilembo ndi kuwonjezeka mu ntchito, motero.

Ngakhale zinthu mankhwala chifukwa cha mankhwala osavuta chomwecho, zosintha katundu zimasiyana mzake, ndi mwakuthupi komanso mankhwala. Chophweka njira kupanga mitundu allotropic:

• sanali zitsulo (kupatula halogens ndi mpweya inert);
• semimetals.

Osachepera zitsulo allotropy anaphunzira popeza kupanga mphwayi zosintha ngati si onse. Total chibwenzi pali oposa 400 zosiyanasiyana za zinthu zophweka. The makutidwe ndi okosijeni khalidwe zambiri za chinthu, m'pamenenso chiwerengero cha kudziwika zosintha allotropic kwa izo.

zosintha mpweya

allotrope mpweya - ndi ambiri ndi chidwi Mwachitsanzo yofotokoza chodabwitsa funso. Ndipotu, chinthu ichi amatha kupanga mitundu yambiri ya mankhwala osiyana dongosolo galasi latisi. M'chifanizo cha mankhwala osavuta ngati zotsutsana kumalo ozizira katundu wawo kuti zochita atsala kudabwa zachilengedwe.

Motero, allotrope mpweya zikuphatikizapo zosintha zotsatirazi.

1. Kodi allotrope mpweya, agona ndi wotsatira mawonekedwe ake, amene ndi mwapadera kuyambira m'mbuyomu. graphite izi. Kwambiri zofewa mankhwala, amene angathe flake kuchoka mosavuta ndi kusiya chizindikiro chosiyana pa pepala. Choncho, ntchito kupanga amangomvera ali mapensulo yosavuta. Kapangidwe ka mawonekedwe - ndi hexagonal magawo. Kugwirizana pakati pa zigawo ndi ofooka, mosavuta ong'ambika, otsika kachulukidwe zakuthupi. Graphite ntchito kubala diamondi kupanga monga lubricant olimba, kupanga maelekitirodi monga filler mapulasitiki, ndi nyukiliya.
2. Fullerenes - chitsimikizo chokwanira kuti pali allotropy. Kapangidwe ka mankhwala awa ndi wofanana ndi wa chimasanduka ya zonunkhira. Chifukwa dongosolo lawo ndi otukukira kunja chatsekedwa polyhedra, chokhala mpira. Fullerenes chagwiritsidwa monga michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi pa luso kwa kupanga mankhwala superconducting monga photoresist ndi ena.
3. Lonsdalite tserafit ndi - awiri zina crystalline allotropic kusinthidwa mpweya. Iwo anapeza ndi posachedwapa. Ndi katundu zofanana kwambiri ndi diamondi, pakalibe zosafunika kungakhale zina ngakhale kovuta angapo.
4. Khala ndi mwaye - allotropy zinthu amorphous. Ntchito ngati mafuta, lubricants, Zosefera ndi zina zotero. Malinga ndi zomwe zili mu chikhalidwe cha ambiri mwa zosintha zonse mpweya.

diamondi

Chovuta zinthu zonse kudziwika kwa tsiku, pafupifupi mfundo 10 za Mohs lonse. The crystalline mawonekedwe mpweya, limene dongosolo ndi mwa mawonekedwe bwino inakula tetrahedral mabungwe maukonde.

Diamondi bwino amatha kumwazikana kuwala, zikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati miyala yamtengo wapatali (diamondi). Chifukwa chakulimba kwambiri wake, ntchito kudula ndi kuwotcherera, kuboola kupukuta, ndi umapezeka. Today anapezerapo yopanga ya diamondi yokumba ntchito makampani.

mitundu ina

Komanso, pali mitundu ingapo ya amafotokozera izi:

• nanotubes;
• nanofoam;
• Astrolite;
• nanofibers;
• kunyezimira;
• graphite;
• carbine;
• nanobuds.

Nkosatheka, koma putative mitundu ya kukhalapo kwa mankhwala osavuta mpweya: chaoit, mpweya ndi zitsulo dicarbon.

mpweya allotropy

Izi ndipamene awiri nonmetal mankhwala losavuta:

• gasi mpweya (pa zinthu zachilendo), chilinganizo chimene O _2;
• Mpweya umene gasi, zikuchokera wazotsatira amene chinyezimiro O _3.

N'zoonekeratu kuti apa ndiye chifukwa chachikulu chimene chapangitsa kuti zosintha - molekyulu. Normal mpweya - maziko a moyo kwa zamoyo zonse (kupatula mabakiteriya anaerobic). Iye ndi ophunzira mwakhama kuwombola mpweya, gwero la mphamvu zako zonse moyo. Mankhwala - oxidant, umene ndi kuchuluka kwa zochita ikuchitika.

Mpweya umene aumbike mwa chikhalidwe kapena wapadera zasayansi zida ozonizers mpweya mpweya ndi amphamvu kumaliseche magetsi. Zinthu zachilengedwe - ndi mphezi. Pa woipa otsika kufufuza ali zosangalatsa fungo atsopano (pambuyo mkuntho ndinkangokhala mu mlengalenga). Ndi amphamvu kwambiri oxidant, oyeretsa mankhwala yogwira.

kusinthidwa phosphorous

Allotropy mpweya ndi wofanana ndi wa phosphorous ndi. Lilinso 11 zosintha osiyana zosiyana chiwerengero cha maatomu mu molekyulu, ndi choncho, mankhwala ubale ndi katundu. Pali njira zitatu khola, ndi enawo mu chikhalidwe pafupifupi zimachokeradi, ndi kuvunda.

1. White phosphorous. Iwo chilinganizo F _4. mankhwala A chokhala woyera zofewa paraffin kapena pang'ono chikasu mtundu. N'zosavuta kusungunula, kutembenukira mu mpweya wa poizoni.
2. Red phosphorous - phala, amene ali chinthu chosangalatsa fungo. Chilinganizo - P _N. Mlatho polima.
3. Black phosphorous - wochuluka kwa kulemera kukhudza, amene ali wakuda mu mtundu ndi kwathunthu sungunuka m'madzi.

kusinthidwa zitsulo

ndi allotropy zitsulo Nanga angapezeke pa chitsanzo cha chitsulo. Lilili mu mawonekedwe a:

• alpha;
• beta;
• Popanga madzi a gamma;
• Sigma mawonekedwe.

Aliyense isiyana ndi kapangidwe wakale kophimba galasi ndi moyenera, katundu. Mwachitsanzo, alpha-mawonekedwe - ferromagnetichna ndi beta -paramagnetik.

Nthawi zambiri, zonse zitsulo anatsimikiza kusinthidwa allotropic kupanga okwana 27 zinthu mankhwala.

tini allotropy

Chidwi chakuti alpha-mawonekedwe - ndi imvi ufa, omwe alipo okha pa otsika kutentha. Beta-mawonekedwe, Komano, zitsulo, silvery-woyera, zofewa ndi ductile. Pali pa ntchito yapamwamba kutentha - mpaka 161 ° ^C. mtundu wina mosavuta anatembenukira kwa wina mu pompo-pompo, ngati digiri dontho.