Kukambiranako - ichi n'chiyani? Kukambiranako: mtengo, mitundu, mitundu ndi zitsanzo

Lingaliro la "kukambirana" mbe mu miyoyo yathu. Ife simukulankhulanso mawu, sitiganiza n'komwe kuganiza za tanthauzo lake lenileni.

Kukambiranako - ndi chida zovuta

Tanthauzo la mawu akuti "kukambirana" mu Latin - kucheza awiri. Koma izi, ngati ine anganene choncho, kutanthauzira zosavuta tanthawuzo. M'lingaliro apamwamba kukambirana za - ndi otsutsa monologue lapansi. Mu masiku akale, nthawi zambiri chida ichi ntchito zinthu osiyanasiyana ndi zovuta monga nzeru, apamwamba, logic, sophistry. cholinga anathamangitsa ndi kukambirana - izo ziri zomveka lipoti kwa womvera lingaliro, pa nthawi yomweyo ankaona mfundo zingapo view. Anafika adzakhala kapena anasankha mawu ambiri enieni, kapena kusonyeza ambiri oyang'anira wolemba malo. Apa, ambiri, ali ndi ganizo la kukambirana. Zopumira mu kukambirana ndi zosavuta kukumbukira: lililonse chidole iyamba pa mzere watsopano, ndipo musanagulitse kuika hyphen.

zosabvuta angapo

Kwa nthawi yaitali, ndi kukambirana anakhalabe ndi moyo yekha mu kutanthauzira losavuta, ndiye, anali macheza yosavuta. A ntchito woyamba monga mtundu wanyimbo, monga nzeru zaumunthu-zolembalemba chida unachitikira kwa zaka zingapo nthawi yathu ino. Mwa njira, tsopano chikondwerero kubwerera ku kukambirana lalikulu zaluso, patatha zaka zingapo anaiwalika.

wanzeru Asia

Popeza akadali ambiri chitukuko European, ifenso, kuyambira mawonedwe a ku Ulaya, ndipo ife kulankhula za kukambirana. Koma cholakwika osanenapo kuti kum'mawa kwa chida ndi lingaliro la mabuku komanso pali kwa nthawi yaitali. Ndipo ife tikukamba za tanthauzo la izi mkulu mtundu kulankhulana. Woyamba kutchulidwa weniweni wa ntchito kwa kukambirana m'njira nthanthi ya Middle East ndi Asia za m'ma BC chachiwiri. Mwachangu chida ichi ntchito mu nyimbo ya nsanja Veda ndi Mahabharata. Ambiri tinganene kuti kumvetsa, m'lingaliro Kumwambamwamba, ndi kukambirana mu East ndi West chimodzimodzi.

Plato wotsatira

Ntchito yoyamba kukambirana nzeru za mabuku zambiri zimachitika Plato. Iwo anazindikira kuti nzeru zapamwamba Greek systematized ndipo anapanga wodziimira kulembedwa pa chida ichi. Monga mfundo Buku imatengedwa kukhala zatsopano, kumayambiriro kwa ntchito "Laches". Koma Plato sanali tate, ndi wotsatira zimene analemba, ndi zina za ntchito zake. Za m'ma hafu pamaso chida ntchito mwa ndakatulo Sicilian Sofron ndi Epicharmus cha Ko. Ndipo kotero mwaluso kuti anapanga chidwi pa Plato, ndipo ntchito yake yoyamba, iye anayesa kutsanzira ambuye izi.

aiwala mphunzitsi

Mpaka tsopano, mwatsoka, ntchito ya olemba awiriwa palibe komabe, kotero ife tikhoza amanena za mphamvu zawo, ngati kotero chidwi ndi Plato. Mwa njira, pali zifukwa zokwanira kukhulupirira kuti pali wa kanjedza, koma monga tafotokozazi, kugwiritsa ntchito kukambirana ngati wolandiridwa a. Koma mbiri, mwatsoka, sanasiye ngakhale maina awo.

wophunzira zovuta

Mu ntchito za kukambirana Plato - ichi ndi amphamvu kwambiri ndi akatswiri zolembalemba amafotokozera. Koma nthawi yomweyo wolemba wakhala wosalira mfundo yokha. chakuti m'mabuku ake anagwiritsa ntchito mkangano kokha pamene mphunzitsi wake, n'kofunika anali wotsanzira ndipo ngakhale chigawo. Pazifukwa zina, akale Greek katswiri wa iwo pafupifupi okanidwa, ndipo otsatira ake pa nthawi ndi chiyani salinso ntchito. More kapena zochepa kumvetsa zimene kukambirana poyamba ndi zimene tanthauzo anaika wake "woyamba", komabe n'zotheka.

otsatira oyambirira

Atamwalira Plato, gulu la otsatira ake osati nzeru komanso mabuku. Mmodzi wa iwo anali Lucian wa Samostaty. Ntchito ya mlembi izi Izitu n'zovutitsa chidwi nthawi imeneyo, ndipo nthawi yomweyo kuopsa kwa nkhani anaphimba. O milungu imfa ya courtesans ndi chikondi, nzeru, potsiriza, monga za dziko, analemba ntchito zake kuti wakale Greek ndakatulo amene anakhalako zaka za m'ma AD chachiwiri. Ndipo ena analenga anali kulipira, zinali kwambiri tart iwo anali. Kukambiranako wakhala ankakonda mtundu wanyimbo a "wochenjera" mabuku mpaka m'ma XII.

aiwala chida

Fashion zimasintha chinthu, ngakhale ife tikulankhula za "wochenjera" mabuku ndi nzeru. Olemba monga Bonaventure ndi Foma Akvinsky anavula ku pedestal kwa kukambirana ngati njira zolembalemba, n'kubweretsa ndi ndalama. olemba aakulu theka Zakachikwi kenako anadzudzula kwenikweni ndinaganiza, umboni ndi mawunikidwe mu iwo. Mlingo amaonedwa chinthu pansi kuphunzira mfundo zonse zotheka maganizo, izo bwinobwino akutsogolera pa nthawi deta Buku. vuto ndi mphamvu ya kukambirana ndi chomasuka kumvetsa timeneti anamuchokera. Mapangidwe Uwerenge monga mtundu wanyimbo chachikulu cha nzeru kwakukulukulu anafotokoza "mdima" wa Ages Middle. Pofuna kumvetsa njira zovuta za moyo ndi imfa, kuti tipeze chimene iwo amaganiza za anzeru wamkulu, kunali koyenera kuti sitolo yaikulu chidziwitso, mwayi umene zinali zochepa mtundu uwu. The yosavuta kumva kwa kukambirana chinatayika.

wopambana kubwerera

The Kubadwa Kwatsopano ndi masiku ano anabweza kukambirana monga mtundu wanyimbo mu malo ake oyenera. Zapadera ndi zofunika ntchito ayamba kutuluka mu XVII mochedwa - oyambirira XVIII atumwi. Ludzu la Chidziwitso ndi mtima wofuna kunena maganizo awo pa zotheka osiyanasiyana wamkulu wa anthu kamodzinso kupanga mtundu wanyimbo chotchuka pakati nzeru ena, azamulungu, olemba, musicologists ngakhale nawo. Dialogues olembedwa ndi kanjedza monga Fontenell ndi Fenelon, chipatso chomwecho zoona, wafunsira kutchuka latsopano polemba chinenero chimenechi. Chotsatirapo cha watsopano mafashoni Italy, olemba zopita ngakhale patali - iwo kumanga ntchito zawo m'chifanizo cha Mfundo Plato, nthawi zina kwathunthu kukopera iwo, kumene, kuwonjezera maganizo anu. dialogues awo mu Italy olembedwa ndi anthu otchuka monga Galileo, Tasso ndi Leopardi.

nthawi yatsopano, zisinthe ndi chisokonezeko

The Industrial utasintha, yomwe inayamba pa nsonga wotsatira wa dialogues kutchuka, namponya kuphompho ina anaiwalika. Moyo kotero inapita kuti nthawi kukambirana yaitali aluntha kulibenso. "Lankhulani momveka bwino ndi kufika!" - ndi Mwambi chachikulu cha mafakitale. Inde, ndi njira iyi kukambirana kachiwiri priravnyalisk kumalankhula bwinobwino. Nyengo yatsopano wakhazikitsa kugwirizana pakati pa mau ndi ntchito. Ndizo chabe chigawo chimodzi maganizo analipo ntchito za Plato, mbisoweka popanda sanachite. Dialogues akhala zosatheka kuti ndifotokoze chinachake, ndi kumvetsa, ndipo kuti achitepo kanthu, njira zolankhulirana.

Rapid mzaka zana makumi awiri

Ndi mapeto a nthawi zatsopano atsopano. Mwina kwambiri adawopa, kudya ndi wamagazi nthawi mu mbiri ya anthu. Nthaŵi ya kusinkhasinkha pafupifupi wapita, nkhondo anapereka njira kwa wina ndi mzake, komanso kusintha zinthu. Preconditions kubweranso kwa kukambirana monga mtundu wanyimbo lalikulu imangokhala kwina. Sitingathe kunena kuti anali anaiwalika mtheradi, dzinali lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito, koma ochepa.

"Bwererani" Plato ndi Socrates

Osowa olemba kuyesa dialogues, kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati interlocutors akatswiri izi Greek. Izo zinachitika zambiri zokwanira. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, ngakhale anapanga subspecies latsopano pogwiritsa zolembalemba, dzina "Plato kukambirana."

Russia ndi maganizo

Izo zinachitika kuti akulankhula za kukambirana ngati lingaliro ndi mtundu wanyimbo, sitiri nkhawa Russia. mfundo ndi yakuti mu dziko lathu chida ichi zoona, kutchuka wakhala sanasiye. Zakhala olemba kulemba polemba chinenero ichi. Ndiponso, ndi nzeru zapamwamba zoweta, zolembalemba, wotsutsa ndi theorist chikhalidwe European ndi luso Mikhail Bakhtin potsiriza angathe kupereka tanthauzo kwathunthu mfundo "kukambirana". Zitsanzo za kafukufuku anapeza ntchito za Dostoevsky. Chifukwa, Mikhail anapanga mfundo zina. Makamaka, Bakhtin kumatanthauza mitundu ya kukambirana. Monga awiri a iwo. Yoyamba - ndi mabuku. Pankhaniyi, chida imatengedwa ngati mtundu wa chowonadi chilengedwe anthu, muyenera kumaliza mapangidwe munthu. Mtundu chachiwiri - ndi kukambirana mwachindunji. Pankhaniyi, amanena za chochitika - kulankhulana anthu.

modernity

Pakutha zaka mazana makumi awiri, ndi kukambirana akukhala chida chachikulu cha miyoyo yathu. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti anthu ali pakati pa "Chidani", akufuna chiwonongeko, chikanaletsa kuganiza za tsogolo lawo. Ichi chinali kutsogolera kubwera polemba chinenero chimenechi. Komanso, lero kukambirana - si monga chida akatswiri, olemba ndi asayansi, ndi bungwe pagulu. Pedagogy simungathe kulingalira okha popanda mphunzitsi ndi wophunzira nkhani, ndale ndipo popanda ichi mawonekedwe kulankhulana simungakhoze kuchita popanda. Onani kuti ambiri mabungwe lonse cholinga kuthetsa mavuto a anthu ali mutu mawu. Mwachitsanzo, "yapachiweniweni anthu kukambirana". Komanso, potsiriza kukongola ndi angathe chida ichi mu ndondomeko pouza osiyana masomphenya awo a dziko, anthu anayamba kusiyanitsa mitundu yeniyeni dialogues: ofanana, structuring kukambirana ndi atasemphana. Ndipo aliyense wa iwo, anthu ntchito pazipita, kuti afike pa kugwirizana pa zosiyanasiyana nkhani kapena kudziwitsa dziko za mfundo zawo ndi maganizo awo.

Dialogues - The Road Patsogolo

Lero, ndi zofuna za ena kulankhulana ku mlingo wa monologues, "mgonero wa anthu awiri" kusiyana kwambiri. Anthu Kenako, ndinazindikira mphamvu zonse ndi zotheka kwa kukambirana m'njira apamwamba, pakumva maphunziro a mbiri, zomwe zimasonyeza kuti m'pofunika kukhala ndi ulamuliro wa voti imodzi, ndi kubwera "nthawi mdima". Tikukhulupirira, ndi kukambirana, imene mfundo zonse view amamva ndipo chipitiliza kukhala zambiri, kokha njira iyi adzatsogolera anthu kuti chitukuko.