Kodi lakunja selo nembanemba? Kapangidwe ka Kakhungu akunja selo

phunziro kandalama za maselo a prokaryotic zamoyo, komanso nyama ndi zomera nawo zamoyo gawo anthu, wotchedwa cytology. Asayansi apeza kuti nkhani za selo, ndiye anamanga kovuta mkati mwake. Wazunguliridwa ndi otchedwa wagawo pamwamba lopangidwa nembanemba akunja selo, kapangidwe nadmembrannye zikuphatikizapo: glycocalyx ndi khoma khungu, komanso microfilaments, microtubules ndi pelikula kupanga submembrane ake zovuta.

M'nkhani ino tikukambirana kapangidwe ndi ntchito za Kakhungu akunja selo, mbali ya zida pamwamba pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maselo.

Kodi lakunja selo nembanemba

Monga kale anafotokoza, nembanemba akunja ndi mbali ya padziko mukachipinda wagawo, amene bwinobwino alekanitsa nkhani zake mkati ndi kuteteza organelles ma ku zinthu chokhwima zachilengedwe. Ntchito inanso - kupereka kagayidwe pakati zili khungu ndi minofu madzimadzi, kotero lakunja selo nembanemba amapereka mayendedwe a mamolekyulu ndi ayoni adalowa cytoplasm, komanso kumathandiza kuchotsa zoipa ndi poizoni owonjezera mukachipinda.

Kapangidwe ka khungu nembanemba

Kakhungu kapena plasmalemma a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maselo ndi osiyana kwambiri pakati pawo. Makamaka, kapangidwe mankhwala, ndi okhutira wachibale wa lipids, glycoproteins, mapulotini, chotero, chikhalidwe cha zolandilira ziri momwemo. Lakunja selo nembanemba kapangidwe ndi ntchito zimene anatsimikiza makamaka zikuchokera kwa glycoproteins munthu, amatenga nawo mbali mu kuzindikira zikuchitika mu chilengedwe kunja ndi zochita selo kuti zochita zawo. Popeza zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana zomanga thupi ndi glycolipids selo akhoza kupereka maganizo ena mavairasi, kotero kuti iwo kudutsa mu selo. Herpes mavairasi ndi fuluwenza angagwiritse ntchito plasmalemma selo khamu kumanga chipolopolo zozitetezera.

A mavairasi ndi mabakiteriya otchedwa bacteriophages, maselo Ufumuyo Kakhungu ndipo kusungunuka mu kukhudzana pogwiritsa ntchito enzyme wapadera. Ndiye, una chimafikira tizilombo DNA.

Features ya kapangidwe ka madzi nembanemba wa eukaryotic

Kumbukirani kuti lakunja selo nembanemba amachita ngati mayendedwe, mwachitsanzo mayendedwe a zinthu mu cytoplasm selo ndi ku malo akunja. Kugwira njira umenewu umafuna dongosolo lapadera. Ndithudi, plasmalemma nthawi zonse, konsekonse onse eukaryotic selo pamwamba dongosolo zida. Izi woonda (2-10 nm), koma ndi mokwanira wandiweyani multilayer filimu okuta selo lonse. matabwa ake anali kuphunzira mu 1972 akatswiri monga D. woimba ndi G. Nicolson, iwonso analenga chitsanzo madzi-zithunzi za selo nembanemba.

Mankhwala mankhwala waukulu kupanga izo - ndi dongosolo la mamolekyulu mapulotini phospholipids ena amene ophatikizidwa mu zamadzimadzi madzi chilengedwe ndi amafanana zithunzi. Choncho, selo nembanemba wapangidwa ndi zigawo ziwiri zamadzimadzi, sanali kumalo ozizira hydrophobic "michira" zimene zili mkati nembanemba, ndi kumalo ozizira mitu hydrophilic akukumana selo cytoplasm ndi madzimadzi intercellular.

Zamadzimadzi wosanjikiza chinamulowerera ndi tinthu lalikulu mapuloteni amapanga pores hydrophilic. Iwo chimadzera therethrough, njira amadzimadzi shuga ndi mchere salt. Ena zedi zimapezeka pa akunja padziko mkati nembanemba plasma. Choncho, pa akunja selo nembanemba ya maselo zamoyo zonse ndi pakati zimam'patsa mamolekyulu ogwirizana ndi nsinga covalent ndi glycolipids ndi glycoproteins. Zimam'patsa zili nembanemba selo ndi ranges kuchokera 2 10%.

Kapangidwe ka madzi Kakhungu zamoyo prokaryotic

Lakunja maselo mu prokaryotes amagwira ntchito zofanana ndi selo plasmalemma zamoyo nyukiliya, kutanthauza maganizo ndi kufala kwa mfundo chilengedwe kunja, mayendedwe a ayoni ndi njira mu chipinda ndipo mwa, chitetezo ku cytoplasm yachilendo kunja reagents. Iwo akhoza kupanga mesosoma - nyumba akuwuka pa invagination nembanemba plasma mu selo. Iwo akhoza kukhala michere nawo kagayidwe kachakudya zochita prokaryotes Mwachitsanzo, mu DNA kugawanika mapuloteni kaphatikizidwe.

Mesosoma muli michere redox, pamene photosynthesis ndi bacteriochlorophyll (mabakiteriya) ndi phycobilins (cyanobacteria).

Udindo wa Kakhungu lakunja mu ojambula selo foni

Kupitiriza funso, Kodi lakunja selo nembanemba, tikambirana za udindo wake pochita selo foni. Mu chomera maselo m'makoma lakunja pores selo nembanemba anapanga kudutsa mu zamkati wosanjikiza. Kudzera mwa iwo akhoza kudzipereka selo cytoplasm kunja ngati njira woonda otchedwa plasmodesmata.

Chifukwa cha iwo, kugwirizana maselo oyandikana zomera amphamvu kwambiri. Mu maselo a anthu ndi malo kukhudzana nyama ya nembanemba selo pafupi amatchedwa desmosomes. Iwo khalidwe la za indofeliyamu ndi maselo zaminyewa, ndipo anapezeka ku cardiomyocytes.

Wothandiza mapangidwe Kakhungu plasma

Kuti timvetse kusiyana pakati pa zomera maselo nyama amawathandiza kuphunzira zinthu structural wa plasmalemma, amene amadalira zimene zimagwira ntchito zimagwiridwa ndi nembanemba akunja selo. Pamwamba pa khungu nyama wosanjikiza glycocalyx. Amakhala polysaccharides mamolekyulu kugwirizana ndi mapuloteni ndi lipids akunja maselo. Chifukwa glycocalyx guluu wolimba (kukakamira) kumachitika pakati pa maselo, zikubweretsa mapangidwe zimakhala, choncho watenga mbali mu ma siginalo ntchito nembanemba plasma - kunja chilengedwe kuzindikira zimene zikuchitika.

Mmene zoyendera chabe zinthu osiyanasiyana kudzera selo nembanemba

Monga kale zinafotokozedwa, lakunja selo nembanemba zochitika pa mayendedwe a zinthu pakati pa khungu ndi malo akunja. Pali mitundu iwiri zoyendera kudutsa plasmalemma kuti: kungokhala chete (difuzionny) ndi zoyendera yogwira. The choyamba chimalongosola mayamwidwe, ntchito mayamwidwe ndi osmosis. Kayendedwe ka zinthu pamodzi ndende masinthidwe amtundu zimatengera makamaka kulemera ndi kukula kwa mamolekyulu kudutsa khungu nembanemba. Mwachitsanzo, ang'ono mamolekyulu nonpolar ndi mosavuta sungunuka mu zamadzimadzi wosanjikiza pafupifupi plasmalemma kusuntha therethrough ndi kuwonekera cytoplasm lapansi.

mamolekyulu Large zinthu organic kudutsa mu cytoplasm mothandizidwa ndi mapuloteni wapadera chonyamulira. Iwo ndi mitundu kulunjika ndi kulumikiza ndi tinthu kapena ion mphamvu ndalama popanda kuonera anasamutsa kudzera Kakhungu ndi ndende masinthidwe amtundu (zoyendera chabe). Zimenezi zimakhala maziko a katundu plasma Kakhungu monga permeability kusankha. Mu ndondomeko zoyendera chabe sagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ATP mamolekyulu, ndi selo amapulumutsa kuti zochita zina kagayidwe kachakudya.

Yogwira zoyendera mankhwala kudzera plasmalemma ndi

Popeza akunja selo nembanemba amalola kulanda ayoni ndi mamolekyulu kwa chilengedwe mu chipinda ndipo mmbuyo, imatheka mankhwala linanena bungwe dissimilation ndi poizoni, kunja, i.e. mu madzimadzi intercellular. zoyendera yogwira amapezeka ndi ndende masinthidwe amtundu ndipo amafuna kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu mu mawonekedwe a ATP mamolekyulu. Chimaphatikizanso transporter mapuloteni otchedwa ATP-ndizosowa, ndi imodzi ndi michere.

Zitsanzo magalimoto amenewa ndi mpope ndi sodium-potaziyamu (sodium wochuluka ayoni ali inasamutsidwa kuchoka cytoplasm kuti chilengedwe kunja, ndipo ayoni potaziyamu ali amawapopa mu cytoplasm a). Kuti izo angathe maselo matumbo zaminyewa ndi impso. Mitundu ya njira imeneyi ndi kulanda ndondomeko ya pinocytosis ndi phagocytosis. Choncho, kuphunzira zimene zimagwira ntchito zimagwiridwa ndi nembanemba akunja selo, akhoza anatsimikiza kuti njira angathe phagocytosis ndi pino- protists heterotrophic, komanso maselo a zamoyo apamwamba nyama, mwachitsanzo, leukocytes.

njira Bioelectric mu nembanemba cha ndende

Iwo anakhazikitsa kuti pali kusiyana ulipo pakati pa pamwamba akunja nembanemba plasma (ndi zabwino adawalamulira) ndi wosanjikiza parietal wa cytoplasm, moyipa mlandu. Iwo ankatchedwa angathe kupumula, ndipo chibadidwe maselo amoyo onse. A minofu mitsempha Kuwonjezera kupumula kuthekera komanso amatha kuchita biopotentials ofooka, ndilo lotchedwa ndondomeko malemeredwe. Nembanemba kunja kwa maselo mitsempha, manyuroni, kutenga mkwiyo wa zolandilira ayamba kusintha mlandu ayoni ndi sodium mu selo massively kudyetsedwa ndi adziika electronegative pamwamba plasmalemma. Khoma wosanjikiza cytoplasm chifukwa cations owonjezera amalandira mlandu positive. Ikufotokoza chifukwa pali recharge akunja maselo a minyewa, amene amachititsa conduction kwa zikhumbo za mitsempha kuti chimayambitsa ndondomeko malemeredwe.