Kodi zinthu zinali bwanji mtendere Brest: chidule cha pangano ndi zotsatira zake

Soviet Russia, pa dzanja limodzi, Germany, Bulgaria, Turkey ndi Austria-Hungary - pa ena, analowa pangano mu 1918. Komabe, kodi zinthu zinali mtendere Brest, kudalira zinthu za mphamvu zambiri.

zochitika zam'mbuyo

Terms of ndi Brest Mtendere mu 1918 takambirana kangapo ndipo mu magawo atatu. Ambiri mwa misonkhano ya chidwi linaperekedwa kwa nkhani Chiameniya. Soviet Russia waika patsogolo angapo zinthu Komabe, Germany ndi ogwirizana ake akana ndi mtendere Brest. Tsiku la zokambirana pa mapeto a mgwirizano mu Brest-Litovsk - 1917, December 9. Palinso German mlingo lamulo. Boma anayesa kupeŵa m'tsogolo ndi indemnities dziko ndi annexations.

Udindo wa utsogoleri Soviet

Anatumidwa Soviet zachitika pulogalamu, amene anatsatira pa kukambirana. Komabe, kodi zinthu zinali mtendere Brest, ankadalira umphumphu wa malo Russian ndi anthu ake. mfundo zazikulu za pulogalamu:

• mwayi kupewa analanda dziko moumiriza m'mayiko wotanganidwa pa nkhondoyo.
• Kubwezeretsa ufulu wonse andale a anthu, amene anachitaya icho mu nthawi ya nkhondo imeneyi.
• Mwayi kupewa indemnities.
• The oyamba a kudziyimira pawokha wa ing'onoing'ono dziko mogwirizana ndi nambala inayake ya zinthu.
• Wamupempha mafuko lamanja kusankha dziko kapena chilengedwe cha boma ufulu wodzilamulira.
• nkhani atsamunda tatsimikiza malinga ndi mfundo za pamwamba.
• Kuteteza ufulu wa mitundu ofooka.

Utsogoleri Soviet azikamugwirira mmene kukoka zokambirana mtendere yaitali, mobisa ndi kuyembekeza kufooketsa Germany chifukwa kusintha mkati. January 28, 1918 Russia anapatsidwa musankhepo. Germany anaitana kusaina mgwirizano pa zinthu monga choti nthambi mu Poland, ndi Baltic States ndi Belarus.

kukonza Russia

zofuna Germany anali choipitsitsa. Pa dzanja limodzi, Russia sizikanati zigwirizane kusaina manyazi oterowo mgwirizano wake, ndipo ayenera kukhala, kani, kuyamba nkhondo kuposa kugwirizana kwa zinthu zimenezi. Koma chuma cha ntchito nkhondowo sikunali kokwanira. Komabe, kodi zinthu zinali mtendere Brest, kudalira mphamvu ya Russia. Leon Trotsky, pamodzi ndi Bolsheviks zina, anayesa kupeza njira yothetsera zimenezi. Ndipo utsogoleri dziko anafika chigamulo chimene iye anaganiza bwino. January 28 mutu wa gululo Soviet anapanga kulankhula, zimene zinachititsa kuti izi: dziko sati anasaina, koma ndi chiyambi cha nkhondo, Russia sadzakhala kulengeza. Leon Trotsky analengeza kutulutsidwa kwa anthu ndi asilikali a nkhondo.

chigamulochi chisoni oimira German ndipo Austria. Iwo sanayembekezere masautso zochitika. February 18 anayamba kuukira kwa asilikali Austria ndi Hungary. The Red Army unatha, panalibe kukana mdani. Chifukwa, Pskov ndi Narva anali wotanganidwa. Ena mwa Regiment, amene anali pa nthawi ino ali m'malo awo, anabwerera wopanda nkhondo. Russia salinso kofunika kukambirana zomwe zinali za mtendere Brest. Pa February 19, amafuna German anatengedwa ndi mbali ya Soviet Union.

Germany, pozindikira chiyembekezo zinthu mu Russia tsopano udzafunidwa m'gawo zambiri (kasanu), yemwe anali pafupifupi katundu lonse la malasha ndi chitsulo dziko miyala ndi anthu 50 miliyoni anali kukhalamo. Komanso, mbali Soviet anayenera kulipira indemnity lalikulu. Latsopano Russian nthumwi ankapita ndi Grigory Sokolnikov. Iye ananena kuti palibe mankhwala ndipo sangathe kupewa kusainira pangano mtendere zina. Iye anafotokoza chiyembekezo kuti zinthu zikusinthira ndi osakhalitsa.

Terms of mtendere Brest - mwachidule

• Akukana zigawo imene anthu am'deralo anapambana Belarusians.
• The Kuzindikila ufulu wa Ukraine.
• Kunyamuka privislyanskih maiko a Estonia, Livonia, Courland, Grand Duchy la Finland.
• Nthambi Caucasus zigawo - mzinda wa Batumi ndi Kars.
• Yopezera Mtendere ndi UPR.
• The demobilization wa asilikali ndi asilikali.
• Care la zombo Baltic ndi zapansi Chifinishi ndi Baltic.
• Chobwezera cha rubles 500 miliyoni golide ndi biliyoni 6 zizindikiro.
• Baltic zombo kumanzere m'munsi mu Finland ndi Baltic States.
• Kuchotsa propaganda chosintha.
• Black Sea zombo adachoka ku Central Luntha.

zotsatira

Choncho anali atamaliza Brest mtendere. Deti la kusaina kwake - March 3, 1918. Ukraine, Poland, zigawo Baltic ndi mbali ya Byelorussia akhala sakukhudzidwa ndi Russia. Komanso, Asovieti amalipidwa Germany matani oposa 90 a golide. The Germany, n'kumaganiza kuti iwo akufuna kuonetsetsa ulamuliro wa boma yovomerezeka Ukraine anayamba ntchito ya m'gawo lake. Choncho nyamukani Kumanzere SR kugalukira ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni zimatengera mtundu wa nkhondo zikuluzikulu. Chitsutso zikuchepa anatsutsa mawu ndi Lenin kuti Russia sakanachitira mwina koma kuvomereza mfundo za mgwirizano. asilikali yosalongosoka. Zotsatira za Mtendere wa Brest anasonyeza kuti mbali chitsutso anaitana zipolowe otchuka pofuna kubisa asilikali a ku Germany ndi Austria. State Entente anatsutsa mtendere anasaina. Kuchokera March kuti August 1918 ankafika la asilikali British ndi Japanese mu Murmansk, Vladivostok, Arkhangelsk.

Kutha kwa Mtendere wa Brest

Brest mtendere osati zoyembekezeka kwa nthawi yaitali kuchita. November 13, pambuyo kugonjetseratu Austria-German mphamvu (chifukwa ogwirizana ake), Russia zimafika izo. Pa tsiku la Kulipira, utsogoleri Soviet, anasamukira ku Moscow, moopa German kuukira Petrograd. Pambuyo kulipira mgwirizano anapanga zokambirana Kupititsa ankatengedwa yosagwira ntchito. Utsogoleri Soviet wapereka anthu a Caucasus ndi m'madera ena anagwidwa ndi kusankha tsogolo lawo. Poyambirira, September 20, 1918, chinang'ambika mbali ya Brest mtendere ndi Turkey.

Akuti zotsatira za mtendere Brest kulimbikitsa ulamuliro wa Lenin. The Bolsheviks anayamba amuonetse chidaliro kwambiri. Kumapeto kwa Civil nkhondo mu 1922, anaika mu ambiri a Russian mphamvu Soviet.