Yuri Khmelnitsky: mwachidule mbiri, ndale, mu ulamuliro

Mmodzi wa kanjedza kwambiri kusiyana maganizo mbiri Chiyukireniya ndi Yuri Khmelnitsky. Mwana wa azambiriyakale kwambiri Bogdan analandira maganizo amene diverges kwambiri, malingana ndi malo awo maganizo. Koma onse amavomereza kuti mwana wa luso lake kwambiri wolephera bambo ake. Wambiri Yuriya Hmelnitskogo ukhala mutu wa kukambirana kwathu.

ubwana

Yuri Khmelnitsky anabadwa padziko 1641 pa famu ina pafupi Chigirina Loweruka m'banja la yaing'ono Chiyukireniya fuko lomveka Bogdan (Zinovy) Khmelnitsky ndi Anna Semyonovna Somko, mlongo wa m'tsogolo akuchita hetman Yakov Somko. Kuwonjezera iye, banja anali ndi ana asanu more: 3 anyamata ndi atsikana 4.

About zaka zoyambirira za moyo Yuri pafupifupi kanthu amadziwika, koma kuti anakhala ndi bambo ndi mayi ake pa famu kunyumba.

moyo Banja Khmelnytsky ndi lonse wa Commonwealth wasintha kwambiri kuyambira 1647, pamene Loweruka anapanga katundu anawazunza mdani weniweni wa fuko lomveka Bogdan Daniel Czapliński. Iye imawonongeka munda, pamene mutu wa banja kunyumba, ndi kuwakwapula theka imfa mmodzi wa ana ake.

yomenyera nkhondo

Osati kupeza bungwe lovomerezeka ndi kulamulira m'banja lachifumu, Bohdan Khmelnytsky pa chiyambi cha 1648 ku Ukraine inayambitsa ndi kugalukira otchuka ulamuliro Polish. Waukulu galimoto mphamvu ya chiwembu panali Zaporozhye Cossacks, amene hetman m'chaka chomwecho Bogdan Zinovy anasankhidwa.

The kupambana koyamba kugalukira zinali zochititsa chidwi, monga Cossack asilikali mgwirizano ndi Crimea Chitata anakwanitsa kuchepetsa ambiri masiku ano Ukraine. Komabe wandale Bogdan Khmelnitsky sizinali choncho chipangizo, ndi chifukwa-pamphasa magemu mndandanda wa kusakhulupirika anakakamizika mu 1651 kusaina disadvantageous Belotserkovskii dziko kuti ikanataya mbali yaikulu ya m'madera.

Bohdan Khmelnytsky anazindikira kuti popanda angakuthandizeni wamphamvu si kupambana nkhondoyo. Pa Pereiaslav Rada mu January 1654 anaganiza anavomera pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa nzika Russian mfumu. Pambuyo pake, Russia anali pa nkhondo ndi Poland.

Yuri Khmelnitsky, mosiyana ndi mchimwene wake Timosha chifukwa cha ana aang'ono, gawo mwachindunji mu nkhondo ya bambo ake sanamvere. Pambuyo Timosha anaphedwa mu 1653 pa msonkhano wokopa anthu ku Moldova, Yuri anali mwana yekhayo wa Bogdana Hmelnitskogo, monga abale ake anamwalira kale. Iye anatumidwa kwa atate wake kuphunzira mu Kiev collegium.

Atamaliza maphunziro ake pa zaka sikisitini mothandizidwa ndi bambo ake, Yuri Khmelnitsky Hetman anatsimikizidwa. Ndiko kuti, Bogdan ndi wokonzeka adzalandira mphamvu pambuyo pa imfa yake, zomwe zinachitika mu 1657 ku sitiroko a.

Pambuyo pa imfa ya bambo ake

Sikisitini chaka chimodzi Yuri pambuyo pa imfa ya bambo ake sanali okonzeka kutenga oyang'anira boma. Ngakhale gawo la Cossacks analengeza iye hetman, koma Chigirinskaya Rada anga anasankha mutu wa kalaliki ambiri (ndi analogue ya Chancellor European) Ivana Vygovskogo. Yury Bogdanovich anakakamizika kusiya mphamvu mokomera wakonzekera yaitali.

Ivan Vygovskyy kuyambira masiku oyambirira anatsogolera osadalira pa mfundo Russian boma. Iye anakhulupirira kuti tsar Russian akuphwanya mapangano koyamba pa ukwati. Vygovskyy anapita rapprochement ndi Poland, mpaka pamene mapeto a mgwirizano Hadiach 1658. Unafotokoza kuti likhale la Ukraine (waukulu duchy Russian) mu gawo la Poland, pa mawu ofanana ndi Lithuania ndi Poland.

pangano Izi zinachititsa kuti kugawanika mu kagulu ka Cossack. A ambiri a akulu ndi Cossacks yosavuta ankatsutsa rapprochement ndi Poland ndi wokhulupirika ku Russian Tsar. The kugawanika zinachititsa kuti sate-chaka nkhondo ku Ukraine, ndi nthawi yomwe dzina mabwinja. Pa kumenyana pakati pa asilikali Russian amene walandira thandizo la wokhulupirika kwa mfumu ya Cossacks ndipo asilikali Vygovskogo, yotsirizira anagonjetsedwa ndi anakakamizika mu 1659 n'kuthawira ku Poland.

hetman yachiwiri

Pambuyo akuthawa Vygovskogo Ofisala Cossack anaganiza kuti asankhe Hetman latsopano. Mmodzi wa mbali achangu za kutsitsidwa Vygovskogo anali ndi amalume pa Yuri amake - msilikali Yakov Somko, amene methyl m'malo mwa Cossacks mutu. Koma Woyesana chachikulu chinali mwana wa Velikogo Bogdana - khumi Yuri. kutchuka bambo anali khadi ake lipenga. Ndipo mu Rada mu 1659 mu White Mpingo pa malo hetman Yuri Khmelnitsky anali naye. Mu ulamuliro wa Hetman (1659 -. 1685) chinachitikira ndi nthawi ya mabwinja wamagazi. Tikumbukenso kuti pofuna kusankha wake, Yuri anatumiza kwa Rada mu White Church munthu wokhulupirika wa bambo ake - Ivana Bryuhovetskogo, lomwe m'tsogolo adzakhala pa hetman la Kumanzere-Bank Ukraine.

Mu latsopano Rada anatengera kusamvana pa pempho ku Russian Tsar yowonjezera ufulu wa Cossacks. Makamaka, mafunso kuti anaukitsidwa za mphamvu kulimbikitsa wa Hetman ndi kudziyimira pawokha wa Mpingo Chiyukireniya. Koma pempho anakana achifumu kazembe Troubetzkoy. Iye anafuna kukonzanso okondwa ndi Cossacks zomwe ufulu mtima kwambiri zochepa poyerekeza ndi nthawi Bogdana Hmelnitskogo.

anagawa Ukraine

Mu 1660 asilikali Russian pansi pa utsogoleri wa fuko lomveka Sheremetyev zionetsero za mphamvu ya Commonwealth. Kwa kazembe anali kuti agwirizane Yuri Khmelnitsky ndi Cossacks wake, koma anakaikira chifukwa cha mantha. Iye anali mochedwa ndipo ankakhala ndi asilikali Polish, anali kale nthawi kukazungulira Sheremetyevo.

Opanikizika Yuri kapitawo anakakamizika kulemba pangano latsopano ndi Commonwealth. Mu malo lokonzekera, iye wotchedwa Slobodyshche lonena. mgwirizano umenewu wakhala zambiri zofanana Gadyachsky, koma kupereka zochepa ufulu wa anthu Ukraine, makamaka, kodi mulibe zokhazikitsa kudziyimira pawokha. Yuri Khmelnitsky anakakamizika kuchonderera nzika za mfumu Polish.

Mfundo imeneyi osati sanakonde cha mbali yaikulu ya akulu ndi Cossacks. Iwo anakana kumvera ndi Yuri anasankha akuchita hetman msilikali Somko, amene anathandiza ufumu Russian. Pansi pa ulamuliro wa Yuriya Hmelnitskogo anali chokha-banki Ukraine. Choncho, zaka zoposa zaka zana Little Russia kwenikweni unagawika zigawo ziwiri: banki lamanja la alternately anazindikira Polish ndi ulamuliro Ottoman, ndi banki kumanzere - mphamvu ya tsar Russian.

zododometsa latsopano

Kuyesera kuti ayambenso kulamulira dera lonse la Ukraine, ndi kudalira thandizo la Commonwealth, Yuri Khmelnitsky anayamba fambani pa Bank Kumanzere. Choyamba, pang'ono zinali zabwino, koma patapita Somko reinforcements anabwera mu mawonekedwe a asilikali Russian molamulidwa ndi Boyar Romodanovsky, kumanja banki hetman zowawa linagonja pa Kanev yotentha 1662.

Lekani asilikali Russian Khmelnitsky akhoza pomaliza mgwirizano ndi Crimea khan. Choncho chigonjetso sanali phindu lake. Monga mkulu anasonyeza kulephera kwake kwathunthu Yuri Khmelnitsky, malamulo ake walephera, ulemerero wa atate wake sizikanatha kuonetsetsa yonena za ufulu-banki hetman. Choncho, kumapeto kwa 1662 anakakamizika kusiya mphamvu mokomera msilikali Pavla Teteri, ndipo anakhala wansembe pansi pa dzina la m'bale wake, Gideoni.

Limbo

Koma izi vuto lililonse mwana Bogdana Hmelnitskogo sanali mapeto. Paulo Teteria anayamba kuganiza iye akufuna kachiwiri kutenga malo a Hetman choncho m'ndende loweruza mu 1664 ku Lviv linga. Only atamwalira Hetman Khmelnytsky mu 1667, atamasulidwa m'tchire n'kuyamba kukhala Uman obisika.

Kutenga mbali mu bungwe Cossack mu 1668, Yuri Khmelnitsky poyamba anathandiza lathu ovomereza-Turkey chatsopano bwino-banki hetman Peter Doroshenko, amene anatenga nzika Ottoman, koma kenako anasamukira ku mbali ya Goliyati Mihaila Hanenko.

Limodzi la nkhondo ndi Chitata Yuri anagwidwa ndi kutumizidwa ku Istanbul. Komabe, Turkey m'ndende kwa Hetman poyamba anali ndi omasuka.

kachiwiri hetman

Pambuyo Peter Doroshenko anakana Hetmanate ndi kulumikiza nzika Russian, zinadziwika chifukwa Turkey okhulupirika kwa Yuriyu Hmelnitskomu. Sultan ankaona kuti wakonzekera kubwerera kwa malo Hetman. Zoonadi, kuchokera pa kaonedwe ka Turkey, ndi oyenereradi malo mwana Bogdan. Yuriya Hmelnitskogo makhalidwe kulola kuti izi zidzakhala yosathandiza kwathunthu kuchita mu mzere, yomwe inkafuna Turkey, chifukwa kwa iye ankadabwa kuyembekezera kanthu palokha.

Choncho, mu 1876, Yuri kachiwiri yoikidwiratu Hetman, nthawi imeneyi ndi Turkey Sultan. Iye anakhala nawo ntchito yochotsa Turkey Chigirin, ndipo kenako anapanga nyumba yake mzinda wa Nemiroff.

aphedwe

Wosanyengereredwa kwenikweni kusamalira m'mayiko Chiyukireniya, Yuri Khmelnitsky inayamba kulinganiza kuphedwa kwa nzika zake. Nkhani zimenezi amasonyezera pa zoipa kuwala chithunzi Yuriya Hmelnitskogo. Yochepa ulamuliro wa Hetman inatha mu 1681, pamene Turkey anamutuma kuti chimodzi cha zilumba za Aegean.

Pali chiphunzitso malinga ndi zomwe Yuri Khmelnitsky Hetman anasankhidwa ndi Turkey kamodzinso - mu 1683. Koma anapitiriza mopitirira muyeso, monga kale. Izi anakwiya Turkey Pasha, amene anabweretsa George mu Kamenetz-Podolsk, kumene anaphedwa 1685.

makhalidwe General

M'malo ovuta ndiponso oopsa moyo wake Yuri Khmelnitsky. Mwachidule yonena za munthu uyu ankaona mwa ife. Ine ndiyenera kunena kuti olemba mbiri yakale ambiri amavomereza kuti anali ofooka-akadafuna, munthu wosasangalala kwa nthawi yaitali kuyesera Limbo. Tikhoza kunena kuti Yuri Khmelnitsky anali plaything zinthu zakunja ndale. Izi zikhoza sikungawononge psyche wake zinachititsa kuti mapeto a moyo mu nkhani zoona chilango.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, tiyenera kunena kuti tidakali mukudziwa zochepa za zolinga za zochita za munthu uyu. Ngakhale ndi ulemu imfa yake, pali kusagwirizana pakati pa olemba mbiri.