Hussite nkhondo: zifukwa zimene zinachititsa kuti chiyambi cha awo

Zoyambirira za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu mu Bohemia (tsopano ndi Czech Republic) amakhala ndi nthawi yaitali kulimba kwa anthu Czech ndi Roma Katolika, ang'onoang'ono chinyengo ndi ulamuliro German. Mawu akuti "Hussite nkhondo" amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza angapo kumenyana kumene kunachitika mu imeneyi pakati pa zaka 1419 ndi 1434. Anthu ambiri Czech ya Bohemia unakhazikitsidwa wamphamvu asilikali, chapeza kwa Nkhondo za Mtanda ananena ndi Papa. Nkhondoyi inatha mu 1434 pamene pang'ono kagulu kamene wa kagulu kamene kwakukulu anapambana Utraquists Taborites, amene anali kugonjera ulamuliro wa Mfumu ya Bohemia ndi mpingo, koma ndi chikhalidwe kuti analoledwa kuchita miyambo zipembedzo zingapo osiyana.

Poyamba, mtsogoleri wa gulu mpingo national anakhala woganiza ndi wansembe Yan GUS, amene ankatsutsa tchalitchi cha Katolika, ndi Changu wolemekezeka kumudzudzula chuma ndi kutulusa poyela zolakwa za atsogoleri achipembedzo. Maulaliki ake mu Betelehemu Chapel ku Prague anakhala pa chinenero Czech bwino kwa anthu wamba. Malingaliro a Hus, amene dziko zachitika mchikakamizo cha ntchito ya wokonzanso ndipo kalambulabwalo wa Chiprotestanti Dzhona Uiklifa, sanali mpingo.

Yunivesite ya Prague mu 1410 unapangidwa bungwe mkangano, chifukwa umene unali kuyaka kwa ntchito za Wycliffe. GUS ndi aphunzitsi ena akatulukire kwa Papa, kuyesa kuonetsa kuti yekha mbuli ungapsereze ntchito za sayansi ndi nzeru za anthu. Koma chifukwa anali achotsa wa Huss, ndi gululi kuti iye anatsogolera, ali zinasinthika kuchokera ku yunivesite ku dziko ndi chipembedzo.

Mu 1415, ndi kusankha Bungwe la Constance, Hus mlandu mpatuko, analamulidwa kuti imfa ndi anamuwotcha pamtengo. kupha wake chikwiyire kuukira misa kayendedwe ka otsatira ake, zimene zinachititsa Hussite Nkhondo. Against mfumu Sigismund, nakopa papa lachiweruzo Bungwe la Constance, anauka namondwe wa milandu, anasonyeza chochititsa manyazi ndi chopusa pa matenda ansembe chikale.

Pafupifupi kuyambira pachiyambi gululi unagawidwa mbali ziwiri zazikulu - pang'ono ndi kwakukulu. Asanamwalire, GUS anatenga Utraquists chiphunzitso (kapena Calixtines-Utraquists) amene anadzitcha Akatolika, koma anathandiza kofuna kusintha, waukulu umene unali chakuti onse okhulupirira ayenera kudya mkate ndi vinyo (boma utraque mtundu - pansi pa zonse mitundu), osati atsogoleri. Mpheroyi makamaka a amalonda m'tawuni ndi otchuka wosalabadira.

Pakati pa 1419 ndi 1420, pamene "nkhondo Hussite" ali kale, atsogoleri magulu ndayesera mobisa kukambirana ndi mfumu Sigismund, koma iye anakana kupita mfundo zina, ndipo izi zachititsa chakuti Utraquists anathandiza kugalukira zida. More kwakukulu, wokanayo mtundu uliwonse wa boma (kapena chipembedzo), ankadziwika ngati Taborites (pambuyo mudzi wa Tabori, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ndi iwo mu 1420, zomwe zinali mphamvu yawo). gulu inkakhala makamaka osauka ndi osema.

nkhondo Hussite choona chodziwika kuti pa nkhondo Anthu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito dzanja ankaweruza mfuti (Pishalnikov).

Defenestration Choyamba Prague zinachitika July 30, 1419. Prague osauka kutsogoleredwa ndi Jan Želivského, wansembe wa mpingo wa Lady yathu ya chisanu, anadutsa misewu mzinda ku Town Hall ku New Town ndi lamulo lalikulu - chiyanjano cha mkate ndi vinyo. Wina ku ofesi mazenera ameya a kuponyedwa miyala kumanda. Anthu anakwiya anathyola mu nyumbayi ndi kamodzi mu chipinda, anaponyedwa kuchokera pa windo la seveni phiri alangizi, kuphatikizapo ameya ndi woweruza. Mfumu Vaclav IV anali mantha kwambiri chifukwa cha zimenezi, iwo adati, sitiroko, anakhala chifukwa cha imfa yake August 16, 1419.

dziko analigaŵa m'magulu awiri ankhanza - Akatolika, umene amapereka mwa atsogoleri, mafumu ang'onoang'ono, ndi patricians German ndipo Hussite. Sigismund, pambuyo pa imfa ya wopanda mwana Václav, anaika amati korona Czech. Iye anali wothandiza wamphamvu wa Mpingo wa Aroma, Papa Martin mnzangayo ndi V, anapereka ng'ombe 17 March 1420, akulengeza nkhondo zomenyera "kuti thupilo ampatuko onse Bohemia". Iwo anali nawo Ankhondo German ndipo Polish osati kokha, komanso adventurers kuchokera ku Ulaya, amakopeka ndi ziyembekezo za adani.