History of Arkhangelsk, nyumba zake, misewu, zipilala

Arkhangelsk - mzinda wamkulu wa Russian North, ndi doko zofunika ndi likulu la chikhalidwe chawo. Panali nthawi zina pamene iye ndi chimodzi mwa malo ofunika kwambiri a dziko. Koma tsopano, kumpoto Nyanja Route sichinayambe zalephereka, mzinda anapitiriza mbali yofunika kwambiri mu chitukuko. zochitika za Angelo ukauzidwa nkhaniyi.

Obisika ndipo Kholmogory

Mbiri ya zosayembekezereka wa Angelo limatiuza kuti adzabadwira m'mudzi ndi ukumu wa ansembe yotchedwa Mihaila Arhangela, yomwe ili pa Cape Puri-Navolok. Kutchula koyamba za limakhudza 1419 (la chifukwa kuti zosangalatsa - uthenga limatiuza za kugonjetsedwa kwa obisika ndi asilikali a Sweden). Near khoma, monga mmene anthu ankachitira mu masiku amenewo, ali kunyumba m'midzi angapo - alimi ndi agulupa anali ndi ntchito ngati kuti kuteteza obisika malinga. Koma noticeable ndi chidwi m'masiku amenewo anali m'mudzi wa Kholmogory (kudziwika monga malo M. V. Lomonosova), yomwe ili pafupi. Mpaka cha m'ma XVI, zinali kumsika m'deralo.

British, Ivan Grozny, hemp, mtengo ...

Mbiri ya Angelo (zithunzi za mzinda waukulu uwu mukhoza kuona m'nkhani) limati mu 1553 pafupi Kholmogory anafika oyendetsa English. The British anali wofunika kwambiri mu kuthekera kwa pogula Russian matabwa ndi chinsalu cha matanga ndi hemp chingwe - anali nthawi ya chitukuko mofulumira ya British apanyanja. Kholmogory koma si bwino yosayenera cholinga ichi - ndi osaya North Dvina anaphonya lalikulu ziwiya nyanja kupita.

Choncho, British mwasankha malo ozungulira obisika - panali akhoza kuwaphunzira mwa nyanja. Kuuza amalenga kotunga - kumalo malonda opindulitsa katundu anafika amalonda Russian. Ndi kuthetsa anayamba kukula, panali mafakitale ena ndi malo amalonda. Tawuni yatsopanoyi ankatchedwa Kholmogorov, pa nthawi imeneyo iye anali yekhayo zonse kunachitika Russian padoko.

Poona zimenezi Ivan Grozny, amene anagona ndi Sweden sanali bwino, ndinapita ku kulimbitsa ndi likulu misika yatsopano. akuluakulu awiri tinkauzidwa kuti yomweyo "mumzinda", ndiko kumanga ku New Kholmogory kulimbikitsa angathe atetezedwe kuukira zotheka ndi asilikali a Sweden. Atsutsane ndi mfumu ali osavomerezeka - abwanamkubwa kupirira kwa chaka, ndipo mu 1584 ku Cape Puri-Navolok panali linga ndi zonse kutsinde, mtsinje, nsanja ndipo zipata. Kukuteteza ake a m'mafakitale akunja anali mumtima, ndi kuchuluka m'dera Russian anthu (zina zaufulu kukhonda). Zikuoneka strelets asilikali zonse Posad.

Yogwira mzinda moyo anali lokha pa navigation pamene ogula akhamukira kuno ku England ndi Holland ndi ogulitsa ku Vologda, Moscow, Kholmogory. Trade anali ndawala - ngakhale lodziwika bwino Frensis Dreyk, ndi Pirate asilikali, anathokoza kuti amalonda Russian kwa makontena zida sitima zodabwitsa British. Mu 1596 anayamba mbiri ya mzinda wa Arkhangelsk, kuyambira kwa nthawi yoyamba mu zolemba anatchula dzina lake (Dzina la obisika, amene anapereka maziko mzinda). Mu 1613 dzina anakhala boma.

Zenera Europe

Inde, analipo kale Peter Ine (kuti, kani, achitika Europe chomwechi si zenera, ndi zipata awiri), ndipo anawatumikira iwo ndendende Arkhangelsk. M'zaka za m'ma XVII mzinda inaperekedwa 60% ya zolowa malonda yachilendo ya Russia. Pamene dziko anakhala mfundo kudzipatula, mu 1667 mumzinda analengeza mfundo omwe kupita sitima wamalonda yachilendo. Izo sizinali mpaka Petrine nyengo.

Amphamvu mfumu kawiri mzinda ndipo anakhala kwa nthawi yaitali. Mu Arkhangelsk Peter koyamba nyanja, pamene iye anayambitsa chilengedwe cha woyamba Russian malonda "kumpanstv". Mfumu ndi 'tate' wa Arkhangelsk shipbuilding - anakwiyitsa iye wolowa onse Russian kupita kudziko lina sitima za mayiko. khama lake mu boma anabwera choyamba ndipo kenako dziko loyamba doko la zombo zapanyanja payekha. Zombo anayambanso item katundu - adalola ndipo ambiri a anagulidwa ndi alendo. Iwo anali ndi zosoŵa za achinyamata Baltic zombo.

Kudzera kumene anapeza "khomo Europe" ife tiri ndi anthu mu Russia sanali anaitana - makamaka, asilikali a Sweden. Popeza nkhondo Northern, Peter mbamphedza za chitetezo cha doko kumpoto malonda. Motero zinaoneka mwala woyamba mu malo awa zonse Novodvinsk linga. Mu 1708, Peter anapereka Arkhangelsk udindo wa pakati zigawo (ndi zigawo panthawi imeneyo inali 8 kudziko lonse). Komabe, mu 1722 mfumu anapereka malonda Arkhangelsk kwa St. Petersburg - analetsedwa Tumizani mwa Angelo zosiyanasiyana katundu.

kumpoto Way

Koma chitsiriziro cha ganizo limeneli sanali. Mbiri ya mzinda wa Arkhangelsk anapitiriza. Mankhwala ena akhoza kukhala wolowa ndi kutuluka m'dziko. Kugwira ntchito Petrine Solombalskaya doko la zombo zapanyanja kumanga zombo zosowa za dziko, ndi zogulitsa. Mu 1762 Catherine II wachotsa zofunikila pa malonda. M'njiramo osauka makampani nkhalango ndi processing mitengo (popanda nthawi sanali kuganiza za shipbuilding). Mwamsanga zikomo ndi Napoleon Bonaparte - anachita izo "chokhala anatseka misewu" ya England, nayenso, zachititsa kuti chitukuko cha malonda. Arkhangelsk anali likulu zofunika kuonekera kochitira zolimbitsa thupi, ndi zisudzo, ndi dziko owonetsera zakale choyamba.

linalinso malo kafukufuku - choncho anapita oyendetsa kukaona kufunafuna kuthekera kuti mupite pamodzi kozizira gombe la Russia. Chichagov Rusanov Pakhtusov, Sedov - oposa 200 Maulendo anatumizidwa kuchokera Arkhangelsk kuphunzira Russian North. Ngakhale kuyambira 1916 mtengo wa doko la Angelo anagwa (panali latsopano, zambiri wosuta-wochezeka ayezi doko - Murmansk) anapita kwa Chombo "ndege A, koma anali pano mu 1932 Siberians ", amene anatha kutsimikizira kuti kumpoto Nyanja Route akudutsa mu umodzi navigation nyengo.

Ife imawunikidwa Mngelo Wamkulu amene mbiri chidwi kuti anthu ake ndi ogwirizana wa USSR pa Great zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo. Pakuti ndithu nthawi yaitali mzindawo unali mwa choona chokha (chifukwa cha vuto mu Murmansk) doko angathe kulandira "convoys Arctic" - ndi squadron Katundu ndi zombo zankhondo zidaperedwa kwa zida Soviet asilikali komanso zinthu zina pansi kongoletsani-pangano. doko limodzi a Mabwana Oyang'anira Ntchito kulandira convoys ankaimba wotchuka Arctic wofufuza ID Papanin.

Arkhangelsk, mbiri ya womwe wakhala mutu wa taphunzira, akhala m'modzi wa malo ofunika kwambiri a kumpoto kwa Nyanja Route masiku ano. Mu Soviet Union, mzinda mwachangu anakula, nyumba zamakono kukula ndinazolowera zikhalidwe kumpoto.

kugonjetsa choipa

Mwatsoka, ndi nyumba wakale wa mzinda akhala pang'ono kwambiri. chifukwa kuti wamangidwa makamaka nkhuni. Phunziro la malonda yemweyo mu malo oyamba, linali mtengo, komanso nsalu ndi hemp - zinthu flammable kwambiri. Choncho, moto zoopsa Arkhangelsk anali ponseponse. Makamaka mu 1667 adzanyekeratu pansi ndi obisika, amene anawapatsa mzinda dzina lake. Monga bungwe kenako obwezeretsedwa, koma mu malo atsopano, kuchokera pakati mbiri nzinda (pa Cape tsopano ndalama chabe Pamwalawo mwambo kukumbukira malo a mzinda).

Komabe, obisika anawapatsa mzinda si dzina, mbiri yomwe inayamba mu Arkhangelsk chizindikiro. obisika unadzipereka kwa Mihailu Arhangelu, amadziwika kugonjetsa mdierekezi. Nthano iyi ndi za pa chizindikiro cha. Kwa nthawi yoyamba chithunzi likupezeka mu zolembedwa lenileni la Peter - iye anali sewero Arkhangelogorodskaya muyezo wa Regiment lapansi. Popeza 1722, malaya ili la manja ntchito ndi mzinda, koma popanda chilolezo ndi (poyamba Michael anafaniziridwa ndi korona, koma kenako iye anali "mofulumira"). Mawu nduna kunali mbali ya kusintha Catherine zigawo mu 1780.

Mu Soviet Union, Arkhangelsk anali chovala manja ndi fano la chombo - oyera pano sizinali zabwino. Koma mu 1989 linakhalanso malaya loyambirira la manja. Michael mu diresi buluu ndi wakuda anagonjetsa mdierekezi otchulidwa munda chikasu. Chovala manja limaimira chipambane wabwino zoipa.

Scientist ndi kalipentala

Wotchuka zipilala la Arkhangelsk zithunzi M. V. Lomonosova ndi Tsar Peter. Onse - ntchito za olemba otchuka (Ivan Martos ndi Antokolsky motero). Iwo anamuikira patsogolo ulimi (mu 1832 ndi 1914). Mikhail otchulidwa mtsempha tingachipeze powerenga, ndakatulo pafupifupi Roma. Koma Arkhangelsk Peter ndi osiyana kwambiri ndi "abale" awo. Izi si autocrat, osati wopambana, osati mfumuyo, "amene anaukitsa Russia kwa tonde," ndipo "Peter Carpenter zaandamsky" panokha amathandiza kugogoda kuchokera yomalizidwa sitima yatsopano.

Alendo ochokera m'mbuyomu

Maziko a Petrine nyengo masamba ndi mbiri ya nyumba Arkhangelsk. The wamkulu wa izi akulemekezedwa mpingo matabwa Zaostrovye (mochedwa XVII m'ma) zachilendo dongosolo kiyubiki. Tsopano chinthu lichitidwa wobwezeretsedwa; chilimwe ntchito ayenera kutha. Iwo Tingaone mabwinja a Novodvinsk linga, komwe mu 1701 kaboma molamulidwa ndi woperekera zakudya wamng'ono Sylvester Ievleva anatsutsana za kuukira kwa asilikali a Sweden. chochitika ser. "Young Russia" zoyenera m'nthawi ya Soviet Union.

Iwo anapulumuka nyumba zingapo chidwi nthawi - Utatu Church (. Pakati pa zaka za m'ma XVIII), Nyumba Admiralty (1820), Mpingo wa Martina Ispovednika pachilumba Solombala (1803). Pali mumzinda ndi ochepa nyumba zakale zamitengo, imene anthu adakali moyo. Pakati pa zipilala mbiri ya Arkhangelsk - Surskoe farmstead, akumanga mpingo wa Lutera ndi nyumba matabwa a wamalonda Shavrina, kumene lero ili Achinyamata Theatre. Cultural osankhika Arkhangelsk amalemekeza nyumba izi ulemerero wa mzindawo.

Alendo ochokera m'tsogolo

nyumba Modern kamodzikamodzi amalandira Kuthokoza, koma pachabe. Inde, anthu ambiri sakusangalala ndi ulamuliro wa Masitolo "zamasiku" maonekedwe. Koma misewu lonse ndi ensembles zogona m'nthawi ya Soviet Union kuti kusanduke chizindikiro cha mzinda, komanso nyumba zakale. Makamaka, tikulankhula za gulu loyimba msewu Kuuka. Am'deralo kuti sitiyenera kudzudzula ndi zomangamanga Soviet (woyera zapakhomo "kandulo" kale amatchedwa "m'tawuni mngelo"), ndi kuika msewu watsopano, Sinthani m'mapaki wanu, pamakoma woyera ndi kuponyera mu zinyalala unsightly mbendera malonda. Kenako nyumba Soviet kachiwiri kukhala nzika ya kunyada m'tauni ya.

Iwo imatiuza kuti kapangidwe ka siteshoni m'madzi - nyumba ano woyera mu chikhalidwe Mwaichi buluu ndi mitundu woyera. Koma wotchuka kwambiri nyumba masiku ano Arkhangelsk - "inawomba nyumba yaitali" mu apansi 24. Ku New York kapena Chicago ndi ridiculously kakang'ono, koma iwo sanali anamanga pa zovuta za dothi kumpoto. Anamanga "inawomba nyumba yaitali" mu 1984 ndi malonda osati zolinga zothandiza. Komabe, kuyikidwa makampani akuluakulu kamangidwe, ndipo tsopano nyumbayi ntchito monga likulu ndi ofesi likulu la malo Arkhangelsk.

M'malo mwa atatu

Chidwi nkhani misewu ya Arkhangelsk. Ena mwa iwo (kapena m'malo mwa maina awo) molimba kusanduka tsoka. maina mbiri kusonyeza kapena boma yachifumu ndi mfundo achipembedzo, kapena mbali ya moyo m'deralo. Choncho, mzinda Kuuka, Utatu, Police, Mkate Street. Panalinso French, Scotland, Lutheran, Norway, Kirochnaya (kuchokera ku mawu a "Lutheran Church") - maina awa analembedwa kuli nyumba zogona wamalonda yachilendo.

Kwambiri ambiri a mumzindawo akhoza kudzitama za mndandanda wonse wa mayina 4-5. Iwo anasintha osati chifukwa cha maganizo (Kuukitsidwa mu nthawi Soviet anali wa dzina Chichewa, ndi Utatu - Vinogradov, membala wa kuukira wa Zima, mkulu wa Severodvinsk mtsinje zombo), komanso mogwirizana ndi kukonzanso ndi kukonza (zikuonekeratu kuti zikamera wa Kuznechevskaya unyolo - Perm - Suvorov simungathe kuzifotokoza ndi tiganizira chikominisi).

Utatha la Soviet Union, ena mwa msewu dzina mbiri kumbuyo. Nthawi zambiri tsopano mu Arkhangelsk mawu a awafunsa wathunthu "de-communization" wa mzinda, ndi kuwonongedwa kwa Karla Marksa Makadi, Rosa Luxemburg, Chelyuskintsev ndi Uritsky. Koma ambiri a nzika otsutsa. Iwo kalekale sikuchokeranso amene mayina zaka mbadwa ndi amakono Archangelsk, anazolowera kukhala prospectus Chumbarova-Lucinschi (by njira, promenade ichi, oyenda msewu) samamvetsa kodi kuwasandutsa Meschanskuyu chachikulu kapena Middle Avenue. Ndipo ndicho osanenapo chakuti renaming kusokoneza njira za mayendedwe ndi zikalata za dongosolo kulembetsa (makamaka ufulu nyumba ndi zikalata chonse mwa makampani ndi mabungwe).

kanthu wololera

Mu zinthu izi, Arkhangelsk mbiri yakale asonyeza woyenera ulemu ndi kutsanzira kanthu. Pa zina mwa nyumba ataima pa misewu m'mbiri, iwo agwirizana nameplates zina misewu izi zinali pa nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Salabadira utsogoleri, zizindikiro safunika koma kuthandiza kuteteza ndi kubweretsa kwa anthu okhala m'tauni chikumbukiro cha akale maina malo Arkhangelsk.

zamkuwa A Pavlin Vinogradov ndipo akuima pa msewu Utatu ... Chabwino, izi kaso masiku ano msewu, ndipo iye ndithudi ankakonda oyendetsa chosintha ...

Kotero inu mukudziwa nkhani ya mzinda wa Arkhangelsk (mwachidule). Ndipo tsopano inu mukudziwa kuti aliyense nthawi mzindawo ankadziwa ulemerero ndi zisoni ndi lalikulu mwayi ...