Njira Yapanyanja Yakumpoto. Madoko a kumpoto kwa Nyanja Route. Development wa phindu ndi chitukuko cha kumpoto Nyanja Route

Russia ali m'madera m'madzi kwambiri kozizira. Kudzera expanses izi lagona kumpoto Nyanja Route (NSR) - wapadera yodutsira msewu ndi mbiri chidwi ndi chiyembekezo chachikulu kwambiri.

Njira yotchuka nyanja kuti chimapita kupyola North

Njira Yapanyanja Yakumpoto imatengedwa chachikulu komanso chofunika kwambiri thoroughfare wa kutumiza Russian mu zone Arctic. Iye udzadutsa nyanja loyenda m'nyanja Arctic. khwalala Apa zikugwirizana madoko nyanja ili mu European ndi Far East mbali ya Russia. Chiyambi cha kumpoto Nyanja Route - Kara Chipata. Itha msewu mu Providence Bay. The utali wonse wa kumpoto Nyanja Route - dongosolo la 5600 Km, nthawi yoyamba onse anapita moreplavatelnaya Swedish ulendo kutsogoleredwa ndi Nordenskiöld mu zaka 1878-79.

Njira Yapanyanja Yakumpoto amagwira ntchito ndi amalinyero Soviet mu 1940-80-ntchentche. Mu 70 msewu uwu tinayamba kuyenda kuchangamutsa. Utatha Soviet Union kumeneko anayamba kuoneka bwalo pafupipafupi yachilendo. Madoko akuluakulu kwambiri a kumpoto kwa Nyanja Route ali Igarka, Dikson, Tiksi, Dudinka ndi Pevek Providence. Navigation imayendetsedwa ndi Dipatimenti ya Maritime Transport la Chitaganya cha Russia (ku Soviet Union anachita Glavsevmorput, kenako Utumiki wa Morflot).

Madoko chachikulu

Njira Yapanyanja Yakumpoto kumayambira Nyanja Barents. Izo ndiye apitirira mu madzi ena a m'nyanja - Kara, Laptev ndi East Siberia ndi Chukchi. Aliyense wa matupi madzi zili madoko chifungulo cha kumpoto Nyanja Route. Poyamba Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, kum'mawa - Dixon, m'dera la ku Yenisei Gulf ziwiya kudutsa Dudinka ndi Igarka, pakupita m'Nyanja Laptev - mu Noordwijk, ndiye Tiksi (ankadziwana wa Lena), Ambarchik (m'kamwa mwa Kolyma), ndipo Pevek ndi doko Providence.

Izi zinthu zofunikira kutumiza, zomwe zili pakamwa pa mitsinje ikuluikulu zinthu monga pasenjala imene katundu zombo kopita. Njira Yapanyanja Yakumpoto - khwalala imene kusamutsidwa matabwa, makina, malasha, zomangamanga, chakudya, tsitsi. Madoko pa kumpoto Nyanja Route ndinazolowera kulandira Zombo lalikulu.

Mavuto a chitukuko cha SMEs

Akatswiri akukhulupirira kuti wamakono wa Russian zomangamanga Arctic Pakufunika zitachuluka ndalama chuma ndi anthu. Izo zidzakhala zofunikira kusintha ntchito hydrography ndi meteorology, kukhazikitsa dongosolo la mlengalenga anaziika gulu la ayezi, kupanga mabungwe a boma ndi udindo kulamulira chilengedwe. M'pofunika kuonjezera zinthu Moe, kusintha doko zomangamanga.

Komanso, akatswiri amanena, pali zambiri osathetsedwa za normative malamulo m'munsi malamulo kayendedwe ka sitima pamodzi NSR lapansi. Mu njira zambiri, imeneyi adzaona mzere dzi kwa ndalama zakunja - osati m'munda wa katundu kutumiza, monga, komanso mu zigawo chomwe chili pafupi. Monga Mwachitsanzo, kozizira zokopa alendo. Pali anthu ambiri amene amafuna kupanga ulendo wa North Pole, ndi makampani ku Russia akhale padziko lonse ogulitsa waukulu zithandizozi kuyenda.

Chidwi ochokera m'mayiko ena

Akatswiri ena, chitukuko cha kumpoto Nyanja Route ndi odzipereka wapadera wa Russia osati kokha, komanso m'mayiko ena ambiri. Choyamba, mphamvu yaikulu ya Asia-Pacific - China ndi India. Kusonyeza chidwi ndi waung'ono koma otchuka limati - monga Singapore. Akuluakulu ena Russian amanena kuti tiyenera malamulo malamulo lolamulira kayendedwe zoyendera apanyanja makampani akunja kutumiza.

vutolo, akatswiri amanena, kungavute ndi malo a United States amene osaganizira kuti chinsinsi cha kumpoto Nyanja Route ali yekha pa ulamuliro Russian. Komanso, mogwirizana ndi lamulo malamulo a msewu ngakhale mu Russia palibe vutoli. Koma pali loya amene amakhulupirira kuti Russia ali ndi ufulu kulamulira Ndime ya ngalawa pamodzi kumpoto Nyanja Route kudzera malamulo a United Nations Convention pa lamulo la Nyanja, unakhazikitsidwa mu 1982.

Pa ka SMP

Boma thupi yaikulu yomwe cholinga chake zonse navigation mu SMP ndi - ndi Administration ya kumpoto Nyanja Route, ofesi chapakati ili mu Moscow. Malinga ndi malamulo a chilamulo Russian, kutumiza m'madzi payipi ya ikuchitika mu ndondomeko zololera. ziwiya eni ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito pasadakhale kugwiritsa ntchito madzi NSR. Administration ya kumpoto Nyanja Route kuganizira ndi kusankha kutipatsa kapena kukana izo. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ndondomeko ntchito ndithu modernized: zikalata zikhoza kutumizidwa pakompyuta, ndipo Komanso, mu chingelezi yabwino kwambiri kwa amalinyero yachilendo. NSR Administration ikufotokoza ntchito pasanathe masiku 10 ntchito ndi m'malo yankho lanu (a zochita za kapena kuti apereke chilolezo) pa webusaiti boma.

lamanja la navigation

Russian kumpoto Nyanja Route - msewu, kumene kuli navigation malamulo chimafotokozera za malamulo a boma latsopano la Russia. A amafuna ambiri amene amafotokozedwa chikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, ngati ngalawayo ayenera SMEs ndiponso mitanda ya West (East) mzere, ndiye kamodzi pa tsiku Mkulu woyendetsa sitimayo ayenera kutumiza kwa Administration ya kumpoto Nyanja Route mfundo yofunika kwambiri yokhudza chombo wake.

Pakati pawo - ndondomeko Hrs ya sitima, nthawi anakonza anakhala mu madzi a SMP, njira yeniyeni, liwiro, komanso zambiri zokhudza kukhala ayezi pa njira zina za m'chombo. Woyendetsa chombo yomweyo dziwitsani Administration wa NSR pa zinthu wapezeka cha kuwonongeka. Anthu a mitundu ziwiya zimene sitingathe kusamukira ku ndende wandiweyani ayezi, ayenera ntchito zochita zawo ndi Chombo zombo ndi kukhala mu kulankhulana zonse ndi makonzedwe a SMP kutsatira malangizo ndi kayendedwe zina ngati n'koyenera.

NSR

Ena oyendetsa safuna ntchito pa mawu monga kumpoto Nyanja Route n'kubweretsa ndi "malo" yaitali. The lonse SMEs, motero anakafika mu m'mimba mwa Kupititsa nyanja makilomita 12 ndipo zoni chuma ufulu kayendedwe ka zipangizo ndi 200 miles yaitali. Area SMP - kuchokera Kara Chipata kwa Bering Strait.

Njira Yapanyanja Yakumpoto, malinga ndi chiwerengero cha amalinyero - kuipidwa ya njira zingapo wotumizira. kutalika enieni si nthawi zonse ndipo zimadalira kwenikweni kusintha nyengo mu unyinji ndi malo kozizira ayezi. Njira Yapanyanja Yakumpoto - ndi oposa 70 madoko akuluakulu komanso mfundo. Pali zingapo zigawo Russian (Chukotka, Yakutia gombe ndi zigawo moyandikana) umene NSR - msewu waukulu okha polumikiza iwo ndi zina dziko.

Zombo nyukiliya pa SMP

Chifukwa makhalidwe m'mayiko ambirimbiri ndiponso nyengo za kayendedwe ka zipangizo za kumpoto Nyanja Route n'zosatheka popanda nawo Chombo zombo. Tsopano ipyole NSR 6 Zombo nyukiliya zoyendetsedwa. zombo Izi zipangitsa ntchito khola la njira lonse nyanja ndi kusiya zochimwazo kumathetsa mavuto patsogolo kupeza zigawo za Far North la Russia ndi alumali Arctic. Akatswiri ena, ndi Russian Chombo zombo - ndi guarantor ya chitetezo cha dziko. Mwaichi, ndi icebreaking m'chombo ali pa 8,000 mailosi - kuchokera Murmansk, Vladivostok ndi kutha. Kwenikweni, awiri a makampani waukulu chinkhoswe mu kutumiza mu NSR ndi mayina mizinda iwiri. Akatswiri ena, ndi Russian Chombo zombo ayenera ziwonjezeke. Izi patsogolo viability chuma msewu kulenga ntchito yatsopano mwa zigawo SMEs, kusintha zinthu ndi kusamuka anthu ku North.

ziyembekezo zachuma

Akatswiri ena, SMEs akhale msana kwa odana ndi Suez Canal ndi zinthu zina waukulu zomangamanga apanyanja dziko. Malinga ndi akatswiri ena, pazipita mphamvu SMEs - pafupifupi mamiliyoni 50 matani katundu pa chaka. Amalinyero okha ndikukhulupirira kuti SMP ndi chaka ndi otchuka - makamaka ku maziko a kukula ntchito mafuta ndi gasi makampani m'dera la Yamal ndi Arctic.

Yofunika kwambiri mu ntchito imayenera misewu amakhulupirira kuti amalinyero ayenera kupanga ndalama payekha. Mphamvu ndi chidaliro: mu 2010, SMP ali kokha 4 lalikulu chotengera, ndiye mu 2011 - 34, ndi mu 2012 - kale 46. Akatswiri amakhulupirira kuti pali zifukwa kuyembekezera kukula patsogolo mu ntchito za makampani kutumiza mu madzi NSR - onse Russian ndi achilendo.

udindo wa boma

Malinga ndi akatswiri ena, pamaso pa chiyambi cha 2000s, dziko la Russia analipira sizingatisokoneze kwambiri za chitukuko ya Arctic wonse ndi kumpoto Nyanja Route makamaka. Komabe, m'zaka zaposachedwapa boma ali kwambiri itakula m'madera amenewa. Anayamba kuoneka malamulo atsopano wakweza nkhani zogwirizana chitukuko cha m'madera pafupi ndi SMP. mumaganiza awa, akatswiri amanena, makamaka chifukwa chachikulu udindo mbiri ya Russia mu Arctic, chilakolako cha boma kuti ayambenso kukopa kwake kale m'derali. Mu 2008, Pulezidenti walemba ndi chikalata zofunika - "chikhazikitso cha mfundo Russian boma kozizira mpaka 2020". Kumpoto m'madera Russian dzina monga mmodzi wa nkhokwe udaika njira ya dziko. Ena magwero SMP ndi chinthu aya dziko zoyendera. Pali chinthu chinanso lamulo - "Njira ya chitukuko umoyo ndi zachuma a Siberia" anavomera mu 2010. Linanena kuti ntchito nchito ya SMEs chuma - chofunika kwambiri chitukuko bwino chuma m'dera Siberia.

Kuwathetsa China

Mmodzi wa osewera ambiri yogwira achilendo ponena navigation mu madzi a SMP - China, mgwirizano ndi Russia amene zisakuyenda amaona makamaka zogwirizana. Mu kugwa kwa 2013, akatswiri ena amanena kuti nkhani zosangalatsa, amagwirizana ndi ndimeyi kudzera kumpoto Nyanja Route Yong Sheng chotengera. Kunapezeka kuti chombo ankaona ipyole Russian Railway, anapambana pafupi masabata awiri poyerekeza ngati anasambira kudzera njira mwambo oyendetsa Chinese mu nyanja ya Indian Ocean mwa Suez Canal. Kumene, iwo sakanakhoza bwanji kuwonjezeka mu chidwi makampani Chinese kutumiza ntchito ngati njira wokongola. Cooperation mu chimango cha navigation mu madzi a SMP ndi Chikukambidwa pakati China ndi Russia pa mlingo boma.

Pulezidenti wa Russia pa SMP ndi

The chidwi cha boma mu zambiri tima ndi ogwira chitukuko cha kumpoto Nyanja Route ndi gwero lake ndi chitsanzo cha malo pulezidenti. Vladimir Putin analangiza matupi wamkulu kubweretsa 2015 zolowa pa misewu SMP matani 4 miliyoni. Pakuti ndondomeko imeneyi kuti speeded mmwamba kutumidwa ziwiya latsopano angathe kupita zinthu ayezi, komanso ayezi breakers - nyukiliya ndi dizilo. Pulezidenti ananena kuti m'pofunika Sinthani zofunikira aya, navigation apanyanja, ntchito yokonza sitima. Cholinga lonse - kutembenuka khwalala mu wokongola kwa makampani mu Russia ndi kunja malangizo. Mmene wopambana adzakhala chitukuko cha SMEs, mutu wa boma, zimadalira momwe mu Russia tsogolo adzatha kulimbikitsa zawo zofuna mwini dziko lonse kozizira.

Mtengo wa NSR kwa Russia

Vladimira Putina malamulo zogwirizana ndi njira boma wamkulu poyerekezera ndi mmene ayenera kukhala chitukuko cha kumpoto Nyanja Route. Economic chitukuko cha madera angapo Russia zimadalira yomanga zomangamanga adzakhala mmene bwino SMEs - makamaka Region Arkhangelsk, Siberia. Malinga ndi akatswiri ena, kufunika kumpoto Nyanja Route kwa Russia n'zovuta Musaone. Dziko yathu, SMP - si adzapeza m'madzi msewu, komanso chida kuti adzathetsa kwambiri m'dera Arctic. Choncho, ngakhale chuma kumpoto Nyanja Route sudzakhala ngati yosafuna monga kuyembekezera boma, akatswiri, boma la dzikolo kukhulupirira adzapitiriza aganyali zomangamanga doko ndi kumanga Zombo - kutembenuka, ngati n'koyenera, SMEs mu njira m'munsi chitetezo cha dziko.