Chidziwitso sayansi: mbiri, chifukwa maganizo, nkhani, zolinga ndi njira zofufuzira

Kodi angakhale ofanana mu maganizo, zilankhulo kuphunzitsa za nzeru yokumba ndi chiphunzitso cha chidziwitso? Zonsezi pamwambapa bwinobwino Chili sayansi chidziwitso. Pofunika interdisciplinary wakhala kuphunzira njira chidziwitso ndi maganizo zikuchitika mu ubongo wa anthu ndi nyama.

History of chidziwitso Science

chidwi china, anthu kwambiri Plato ndi Aristotle anali ndi chidwi mu chikhalidwe cha chikumbumtima anthu. Ntchito zambiri ndi mfundo zina za Greece wakale achita patsogolo pa nkhani imeneyi. M'zaka za m'ma XVII ndi French masamu ndi nzeru zapamwamba Mnazareti Dekart atchukitsa sayansi kuzindikira ena a sayansi, kuti thupi ndi maganizo a zamoyo ndi yoyenda yokha zinthu.

Mlembi wa maganizo "sayansi chidziwitso" mu 1973 anakhala Christopher Longuet-Higgins, amene anaphunzira nzeru zochita kupanga. Journal of chidziwitso Science unakhazikitsidwa Patapita zaka zingapo. Zitachitika izi, sayansi chidziwitso anakhala wodziimira malangizo.

Taganizirani za mayina a ofufuza otchuka kwambiri kuthengo;

• Dzhon Serl walenga koyesera ganizo lotchedwa "Chinese chipinda".
• Physiologist Dzheyms Makklelland, akuyendayenda ubongo.
• Steven Pinker - katswiri mu munda wa zamaganizo experimental.
• Dzhordzh Lakoff - zilankhulo kafukufuku.

sayansi yamakono chidziwitso

Asayansi kuyesa kuonetsa kuchita kugwirizana ubongo Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ndi zochitika maganizo, ntchito zowonera. Ngati mu zaka za m'mbuyomu chikumbumtima anthu sanali n'komwe, koma tsopano m'gulu kuphunzira ntchito zofunika sayansi chidziwitso.

Kukula kwa chiphunzitso ichi lonse zimadalira patsogolo sayansi. Mwachitsanzo, kulingalira, kuyambitsa zomwe zinakhudza kwambiri kupitiriza zina za kukhalapo ndi chitukuko cha sayansi chidziwitso. Chindodo zinatithandiza kuona mkati ubongo Choncho, kuphunzira njira ya kugwira ntchito zake. Akatswiri a sayansi amanena kuti nthawi patsogolo zamakono chingathandize anthu kuwulula zinsinsi za maganizo athu. Mwachitsanzo, mogwirizana kwa ubongo ndi dongosolo chapakati mantha.

Mutu kanthu, zolinga ndi njira kafukufuku sayansi chidziwitso

Zonse zimene zikukhudzana ndi maganizo a anthu, ku XX atumwi, iyo inali chabe kungoganizira, chifukwa ndi nthawi kuyesa chiphunzitso kuchita zinali zosatheka. maganizo pa ubongo anapanga pamaziko a zambiri anabwereka za nzeru yokumba, zatsopano maganizo ndi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa a dongosolo apamwamba chapakati mantha.

Kuyerekezera ndi connectionism - njira ya yapamwamba ya mawerengedwe, kumutsatira machitidwe chidziwitso. Yoyamba njira zachokera lingaliro la kufanana kwa malingaliro a munthu ndi kompyuta kukhala chapakati processing wagawo ndi processing deta mitsinje. Connectionism kotheratu ndi ophiphiritsa, anafotokoza kuti zosagwirizana deta neurobiology wa ntchito ubongo. maganizo a anthu akhoza analimbikitsa intaneti yokumba ubongo pokonza deta imodzi.

Chidziwitso Science monga ambulera akuti ankaona E. S. Kubryakovoy mu chaka cha 2004, monga chiphunzitso zikuphatikizapo angapo nkhani zimavuta:

• Philosophy wa mumtima.
• Experimental ndi chidziwitso kuwerenga maganizo.
• Amapanga nzeru.
• Chidziwitso zilankhulo, ethology and Anthropology.
• Neurophysiology, ubongo neuroscience.
• Ophatikizidwa chidziwitso sayansi.
• Neurolinguistics ndi psycholinguistics.

Philosophy mmene imodzi mwa zigawo za sayansi chidziwitso

Chinthu kuphunzira chilango chimenechi ndi makhalidwe a chikumbumtima ndipo ubwenzi wake ku chenicheni thupi (katundu maganizo a mmalingaliro). Wafilosofi American Richard Rorty otchedwa modernity kuti kuphunzitsa ofunikira okha mu nzeru.

Pali ambiri ndithu mavuto akuwuka kwa ankafuna kuyankha funso la chimene chikumbumtima ndi. Imodzi mwa nkhani zofunika kwambiri kuti chidziwitso sayansi maphunziro ndi chilangochi - ndi chifuniro cha munthu. The materialists amakhulupirira kuti chikumbumtima - gawo zenizeni thupi ndi dziko lonse kwathunthu wochepa mphamvu kwa malamulo a sayansi. Choncho, amene anganyoze kuti khalidwe la munthu umamvera sayansi. Choncho, ife sitili a ufulu.

za akatswiri ena, kuphatikizapo Kant m'gulu umboni chowonadi sangakhale amadalira sayansi. Gululi view izi ndikukhulupirira ufulu weniweni wa zotsatira za ntchito chofunika chifukwa.

zamaganizo chidziwitso

chilangochi amaphunzira njira chidziwitso cha munthu. Madziko maganizo a chidziwitso Science kakunena pa kukumbukira, mtima tcheru, m'maganizo, kulingalira, ndi Kukwanitsa kupanga chiganizo. Watsopano mfundo maphunziro kutembenuka zochokera zipangizo kufanana kompyuta ndi anthu njira chidziwitso. Lingaliro ambiri ndi psyche ngati chipangizo ndi imapanga chizindikiro kutembenuka. Internal chidziwitso machenjelero ndinso ntchito chamoyo pa kuphunzira kumathandiza kwambiri mu chiphunzitso ichi. kachitidwe awiri angathe kugwila, sitolo ndi linanena bungwe.

ethology chidziwitso

chilangocho Maphunziro a ntchito zomveka kwa malingaliro ndi nyama. Ponena za ethology, n'kosatheka kuti aganizire Charles Darwin. English zachilengedwe kukangana osati za kukhalapo kwa kutengeka, nzeru, mphamvu kutsanzira ndipo phunzirani kwa nyama, komanso kulingalira. Woyambitsa wa ethology mu 1973 anakhala Nobel mu Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa Konrad Lorenz. Scientist anapeza nyama chodabwitsa pamene luso popereka mauthenga wina ndi mzake, chifukwa mu kuphunzira.

Stiven Vayz, pulofesa University Harvard, mu ntchito yake ndi mutu khalidwe "phwanya khola" anavomera kuti padzikoli ndi chimodzi chokha chamoyo angathe kupanga nyimbo, kumanga chombo, ndi kuthetsa mavuto masamu. Ndi, kumene, munthu wololera. Koma osati anthu angakhumudwe, Abiti, maganizo, ndi zina zotero. Kuti ndi "abale athu aang'ono" ndi maluso, chikhalidwe, malamulo a khalidwe ndi tanthauzo zokongoletsa. Chiyukireniya academician O. Neurosciences Krištáľ mwaonapo kuti tsiku, behaviorism agonjedwa naye, ndi nyama ndi salinso kuoneka ngati "maloboti wamoyo."

chidziwitso zithunzi

Kuphunzira ndi Chili njira njira ya ulaliki wa mavuto utoto pofuna kupeza lingaliro za tawuni yake kapena chisankho mu uthunthu wake. Chidziwitso sayansi zikugwira ntchito njira izi mu kachitidwe yokumba nzeru, kuti angathe kusintha kalembedwe kufotokoza ntchito mu chifaniziro wophiphiritsa.

DA Pospelov anapanga ntchito zitatu zofunika makompyuta:

• zitsanzo maphunziro a chidziwitso, chomwe chingathe kukhala zinthu kuti amaonetsera tawerenga ndi kulenga maganizo;
• Amagwiritsa deta kuti si koma n'zotheka kulongosola mawu;
• kupeza njira kusintha zithunzi mophiphiritsa njira chiphunzitso, zobisika kuseri mphamvu zawo.