Kodi michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi? kukana michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi

Kodi michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi zakuthupi? M'magazini chake n'chiyani? ndi sayansi ya semiconductors chiyani? Pamene iwo anamanga? ndi madutsidwe wa semiconductors chiyani? ndi makhalidwe thupi iwo adzalandira chiyani?

ndi otchedwa semiconductors chiyani?

Zimatanthauza Tinthu zipangizo kuti makhalidwe magetsi bwino, monga kuchita zitsulo. Koma chithunzi imeneyi n'kwabwino kusiyana ndi insulators. makhalidwe amenewa ndi chifukwa chiwerengero cha onyamula yam'manja. Ngati tikambirana ambiri, pali kukondabe kwambiri mtima. Komabe, pamene kutumikiridwa mu wochititsa maatomu angapo Mwachitsanzo, antimony, amene ali owonjezera ma elekitironi, malo amenewo adzakhala kudzudzulidwa. Pamene ntchito indium anakonza zinthu ndi mlandu positive. katundu onsewa ankagwiritsa ntchito transistors - zipangizo wapadera, zomwe mwina patsogolo, njerwa kapena anadutsa ziliri pa njira imodzi yokha. Ngati tikulingalira NPN-mtundu amafotokozera, izo zingaoneke kwambiri kumalimbitsa udindo umene kwambiri makamaka kufala kwa chizindikiro ofooka.

Kapangidwe amene electrically theka-ochititsa

Akuwauza zambiri ma elekitironi ufulu. Insulators sanali nayo. Semiconductors komanso ali ndi kuchuluka kwa ma elekitironi ufulu napereka ndi mlandu zabwino, amene ali wokonzeka kulandira particles ukapolo. Ndipo ambiri Chofunika - iwo ndense ndi magetsi. Akuti poyamba NPN-mtundu transistor - sizingatheke umodzi michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi amafotokozera. Choncho, pali zambiri PNP-transistors ndi diodes.

Ngati ife kulankhula za yochepa otsiriza, mfundo angathe kupatsira chizindikiro mu njira imodzi yokha. Komanso diode angathe kutembenuza AC kwa DC. ndi limagwirira kusinthika chiyani? Ndipo chifukwa limayenda mbali imodzi yokha? Kaya kumene panopa, ma elekitironi ndi mipata mulole kapena kumwazikana, kapena kupita patsogolo. Mbali yoyamba chifukwa cha kuchuluka kotunga mtunda chakudya ndi linasokonekera, choncho opatsirana onyamula voteji zoipa mbali imodzi yokha, i.e. ndi madutsidwe wa semiconductors ndi unilateral. Ndipotu panopa akhoza opatsirana ngati particles constituent ali pafupi. Ndipo izi ndi zotheka ngati yobweretsa panopa pa dzanja limodzi. Awa ndi mitundu ya semiconductors alipo ndipo ntchito pa mphindi.

kapangidwe gulu

Magetsi ndi kuwala katundu wa ochititsa kugwirizana ndi mfundo yakuti, pamene kudzaza zimatiyika mphamvu ya ma elekitironi anasiyanitsidwa limati mwina bandgap lapansi. M'magazini iye? chakuti palibe milingo bandgap mphamvu. Ndi zosafunika ndi zilema structural izo zikhoza kusintha. Apamwamba zonse gulu amatchedwa valence. Otsatidwa ndi kuthetsa nkhaniyo, koma kanthu. Njirayi imatchedwa conduction gulu. Physics wa semiconductors - nkhani zosangalatsa kwambiri, ndipo mu chimango cha Nkhani zikunenedwa bwino anaphimba.

boma la ma elekitironi ndi

Limagwiritsa ntchito mfundo monga chiwerengero cha gulu analola ndi quasi-patsogolo. Kapangidwe The anatsimikiza ndi kupezeka koyamba. Iye ananena kuti izo zimakhudza mphamvu kudalira a quasimomentum lapansi. Choncho, ngati valence gulu kwathunthu wodzazidwa ndi ma elekitironi (zomwe kunyamula mtengo mu michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi a), tinganene kuti palibe excitations pulayimale. Ngati pazifukwa zina, particles si zikutanthauza kuti pali quasiparticle ndithu mlandu - pochitika kapena dzenje. Iwo onyamula woyang'anira mu semiconductors mu valence gulu.

zone yachabechabe

The valence gulu mu wochititsa chabwino chofutukuka pasanu ndi kamodzi yachabechabe. Izi osaphatikiza mogwirizana sapota-kanjira ndi kokha pamene galasi patsogolo ndi ziro. Iwo akhoza lamamatira pansi matendawa kwa doubly ndi kanayi otsika gulu. Cm mphamvu pakati pa iwo akutchedwa mphamvu ya sapota-kanjira akuwaza.

Zosafunika ndi zopindika semiconductors

Iwo akhoza kukhala electrically ozilala kapena yogwira. Kugwiritsa woyamba amalola kuti mu semiconductors zabwino kapena zoipa mtengo, sipangakhalenso kuchepetsa ndi zikamera wa benga valence gulu kapena elekitironi mu conduction gulu. zosafunika amangokhala ndale, ndipo ndi mphamvu zochepa pa katundu amagetsi. Komanso Nthawi zambiri zofunika ndi valence amene ndi maatomu omwe kutenga nawo mbali pa mlandu ndondomeko kutengerapo, ndi kapangidwe ka kophimba krustalo.

Malinga mtundu ndi kuchuluka zosafunika angasinthe ndi chiŵerengero pakati pa chiwerengero cha mabowo ndi ma elekitironi. Choncho, zipangizo michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi nthawi zonse kuwasankha kukwaniritsa chimene mukufuna. Izi yoyamba ambiri anapezazo, ndipo kenako ndi zatsopano. Particles kuti kutchedwa ambiri onyamula, ndi ochepa.

Dosed oyamba zosafunika mu chipangizo michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi zimathandiza kupeza katundu kufunika. Zopindika Semiconductors angakhalenso ozilala kapena yogwira chikhalidwe magetsi. Ofunika pano ndi dislocation, interstitial atomu ndi Kusoweka. Phula ndi noncrystalline ochititsa anatani zosafunika mosiyana crystalline. Chosowa dongosolo okhwima kenako zimachititsa chimene chinalimbikitsa atomu amatha kutenga valence osiyana. Sikudzakhala ndi munthu unali imbues ubale wawo. Atomu amakhala opanda pake kupereka kapena angagwirizanitse elekitironi. Zikatero, amakhala wofooka, choncho ndi wodetsedwa semiconductors ndi mwayi waukulu kulephera. Zimenezi zimabweretsa chakuti n'zosatheka kusintha mtundu madutsidwe kudzera doping ndi kulenga Mwachitsanzo, p-n-zolumikizanazo.

Ena semiconductors amorphous angasinthe katundu wawo pakompyuta mchikakamizo cha doping. Koma ankawachitira Pamlingo zambiri wamng'ono kuposa crystalline. Kudziwa doping zinthu amorphous angathe bwino ndi processing. Kwenikweni, ayenera inanena kuti chifukwa mwakhama ntchito wodetsedwa semiconductors koma akupereka angapo makhalidwe ndi zotsatira zabwino.

Ziwerengero za ma elekitironi mu michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi ndi

Pamene pali thermodynamic mgwirizano, chiwerengero cha mabowo ndi ma elekitironi anatsimikiza kokha chifukwa kutentha kwa magawo gulu kapangidwe ndi ndende zosafunika electrically yogwira. Pamene alionse kuchita masamu, akukhulupirira kuti ena particles adzakhala mu conduction gulu (mu acceptor kapena mwiniwake mlingo). Kodi inunso n'komwe chakuti mbali angasiye m'dera la valence, ndipo anapanga mipata.

madutsidwe

Mu semiconductors, kupatula ma elekitironi monga woyang'anira onyamula angachichite ndi ayoni. Koma madutsidwe awo magetsi nthawi zambiri negligible. Yekha amaayoni superprovodniki zingachititse zosiyana. The semiconductors ndi zitatu elekitironi kutengerapo limagwirira:

1. Woyendera nthambi zikuluzikulu. Mu nkhani iyi, ma elekitironi zoyenda chifukwa kusintha mphamvu zake mu dera analola.
2. Kudumpha mayendedwe a limati isanafalikire.
3. Polaron.

exciton

Dzenje ndi elekitironi akhoza kupanga boma adzamangidwa. Njirayi imatchedwa Wannier-Mott. Pankhaniyi ndi fotoni mphamvu, Chofanana ndi mayamwidwe m'mphepete imagwera pa ukulu wa chigamulocho lumikiza. Ndi okwanira mphamvu ya kuwala mu semiconductors akhoza kupanga kwambiri kuchuluka kwa excitons. Ndi kuwonjezeka mu awo ndende condense ndi mawonekedwe zinthu zosiyanasiyana za dzenje madzi.

Pamwamba pa michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi ndi

Mawu amenewa akusonyeza zigawo zingapo atomiki, yomwe ili pafupi ndi malire a chipangizo. katundu pamwamba wosiyana chochuluka. Pamaso pa zigawo izi akuswa translational chosokonekera a galasi ndi. Zimenezi zimabweretsa otchedwa limati pamwamba ndi polaritons. Kukhala mutu wa yamasika, ayenera kukhala kunena ndi za sapota ndi mafunde vibrational. Chifukwa cha ntchito zake mankhwala kubisala tosaoneka pamwamba wosanjikiza kunja kwa mamolekyulu kapena maatomu omwe akhala adsorbed kwa chilengedwe. Iwo kudziwa katundu wa zigawo zingapo atomiki. Mwamwayi, chilengedwe cha luso kopitilira muyeso-mkulu zingalowe, imene ndi michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi zigawo, amalola kupeza ndi kusunga kwa maola angapo, woyera pamwamba, lomwe ndithu zimakhudza khalidwe la mankhwala.

Michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi. Kutentha amakhudza kukaniza

Pamene kutentha kuwonjezeka zitsulo, ndi kuonjezera kukana kwawo. Ndi semiconductors siziri zoona - m'mikhalidwe yemweyo, njirayi iwo adzakhala ndichepe. Apa ndi kuti madutsidwe magetsi mu nkhani iliyonse (ndi khalidwe ili inversely molingana ndi kukana a) zikudalira mlandu panopa onyamula ali, pa liwiro kuyenda m'munda magetsi, ndi chiwerengero chawo mu gulu buku zakuthupi.

Zinthu michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi kumawonjezera monga kutentha kumawonjezera ndende ya particles, potero kukula madutsidwe matenthedwe ndi kulimbikira amachepetsa. Mukhoza onani ichi pamaso pa yosavuta akonzedwa sayansi anyamata ndi zinthu zofunika - pakachitsulo kapena germanium, komanso akhoza kumwedwa ndi unapangidwa michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi iwo. Kuwonjezeka kutentha kuchepetsa kukana kwawo. Kuti kutsimikizira izi, muyenera M'sitolo zoimbira kuyeza kuti adzaona kusintha onse. Izi zambiri choncho. Tiyeni tione angapo embodiments yeniyeni.

Kukana ndi electrostatic ionization

Ichi ndi chifukwa tunneling wa ma elekitironi kudutsa chotchinga yopapatiza amene amathandiza pafupifupi mazana a micrometer. Iwo unali pakati pa m'mbali mwa magulu mphamvu. chikuoneka zimatheka pamene kupinda magulu mphamvu, amene amapezeka kokha mchikakamizo cha munda amphamvu za magetsi. Kamodzi tunneling amapezeka (kuti ndi kwadzidzidzi makina zotsatira), ndi ma elekitironi kudutsa chotchinga kuthekera ndi yopapatiza, ndipo sizisintha mphamvu zawo. Iyi imalimbikitsa kuwonjezeka mu ndende mlandu zonyamulira, ndi mabacteria onse kuti: conduction ndi valence. Ngati ndondomeko ndi kukhala ionization electrostatic, pangakhale kuwonongedwa kwa michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi mumphangayo. Pa ndondomekoyi asintha kulimbikira michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi lapansi. Ndi kusintha, ndipo mwamsanga pamene munda magetsi ali mwadzidzidzi, njira yonse limzake.

Fundo mvetsetsa ionization

Pankhaniyi, maenje ndi ma elekitironi ali inapita patsogolo mpaka anayesedwa ufulu njira mchikakamizo cha munda amphamvu magetsi ndi mfundo zimene zikupangitsa ionization maatomu ndi chophukacho mmodzi wa nsinga covalent (yaikulu kapena wodetsedwa atomu). Impact ionization kumachitika ngati chigumukire ndipo izo chigumukire chulukanani mlandu zonyamulira. Choncho maenje kumene analenga ndi ma elekitironi inapita patsogolo ndi magetsi. Mtengo ziliri pa zotsatira yomaliza kuchulukitsa ndi koyefishienti mmene ionization, amene ali chiwerengero cha awiriawiri zinthu zosiyanasiyana za chibowo anapanga pa imodzi ya mtengo chonyamulira gawo njira. Kukula kwa ndondomeko izi n'kukumana ndi michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi chigumukire kusokonezeka. Kulimbikira kwa semiconductors amadziwikanso kusintha, koma monga pa nkhani ya mumphangayo oipa, kusintha.

Ntchito semiconductors kuchita

The zofunika kwambiri za zinthu izi tisaiwale mu makompyuta. Pafupifupi N'zosakayikitsa kuti simungachite chidwi funso kodi semiconductors, ngati chikhumbo paokha kuukitsa nkhani ntchito. N'zosatheka kulingalira ntchito refrigerators ano, mawailesi akanema, oyang'anira kompyuta popanda semiconductors. Simungakhoze kuchita popanda iwo, ndi zapamwamba magalimoto zomangamanga. Iwo ntchito mu ndege ndi danga luso. Kumvetsa zimene semiconductors, kodi chofunika ali? Ndithudi, sitingathe kunena ndi mfundo zofunika zokha za chitukuko chathu, komanso kuderera iwo sali wokwanira.

Ntchito semiconductors kuchita, chifukwa ndi zinthu zingapo, pakati pawo ambiri zipangizo ku zimene iwo anapanga, ndipo chomasuka processing ndi kupeza chimene mukufuna, ndi zina luso kuti apange chisankho asayansi amene ankagwira ntchito zipangizo zamakono, anasiya iwo.

Pomaliza

Takambiranazi mwatsatanetsatane zimene semiconductors, mmene ntchito. Chifukwa cha kukana kwawo anaika zovuta njira thupi ndi mankhwala. Ndipo mungaone kuti mfundo musataye wonenedwa Article timvetsetse kuti semiconductors zimenezi, chifukwa yosavuta kuti sayansi alibe ngakhale waphunzira za ntchito yawo ndi mapeto. Koma ife tikudziwa katundu zazikulu ndi makhalidwe, moti ifeyo kuziika mu ntchito. Chotero, inu mukhoza kufufuza zipangizo ndi semiconductors kuyetsa iwo, kusamala. Amene amadziwa, mwinamwake inu mukugona kafukufuku kwambiri?