Chemical katundu wa alkenes (olefins)

Olefins - chimasanduka amene molekyulu mmodzi awiri muzikondana. Nthawi zina mankhwala pano otchedwa chimasanduka ethylene zino. Ubwenzi awiri mu molekyulu ndi amadziwikanso ndi kusanthula kawalidwe.

thupi katundu wa alkenes

Woyamba anthu atatu a magazi mndandanda wa alkenes - mpweya. Kuyambira lachisanu ku chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chimodzi - madzi, mkulu kulemera alkenes maselo - zolimba. Ndi ukuwonjezeka ndi kuwonjezeka hydrocarbon unyolo kutalika kuwira mfundo zinthu. Zinthu zasayansi, zinthu zimenezi akhoza zopezera mu njira zingapo: ndi dehydrogenation wa alkenes ndi akulimbana mafuta, dehydrogenation wa alcohols.

Akulimbana mafuta - njira mafakitale yopangira chimasanduka unsaturated. Chifukwa, matenthedwe akulimbana mafuta mkangano digiri 750, ndi alkane hydrocarbon mafupa wasweka:

S30N62 → S15N30 + S15N32

Dehydrogenation wa alkanes. Zimenezi ikuchitika pa kutentha pafupifupi 600 madigiri. M'mikhalidwe awa, zimalimbikitsa hydrocarbon molekyulu ndi H maatomu ndi lamamatira kupanga alkenes Mwachitsanzo: → S5N12 S5N10 + H2.

Madzi m'thupi la alcohols. alcohols Monohydric zimavuta ndi asidi sulphate mawonekedwe alkenes Mwachitsanzo: S4N9ON → C4H8 + H2O.

Chemical katundu wa alkenes zokhudzana ndi kukhalapo mu molekyulu awo ubale awiri. The kachulukidwe elekitironi pakati pa ma atomu, ndi chomangira awiri kwambiri kuposa pakati pa maatomu C olumikizidwa mwa maunyolo umodzi. Mtundu waukulu anachita, omwe alkenes - inalowa, limodzi ndi PI-yopuma chifukwa mapangidwe awiri nsinga zatsopano Sigma. Olefins kulowa polymerization anachita, chomwenso ndi limodzi mwa pogawanikana pamawere kumangidwa awiri.

Chemical katundu wa alkenes: kujowina halides

Olefins angagwirizanitse mosavuta okha kuti halide wa hydrogen molekyulu, motero kupanga monogalogenoproizvodnye (mwachitsanzo S10N20 S10N21S1 → HC1 +). Pamene Ufumuyo alkenes anapanga H2O zimalimbikitsa monohydric alcohols (S10N20 + H2O → S10N21ON).

moto alkenes

Pa kutentha pansi O2 olefins ndi mosavuta oxidized (kuwotchedwa) kuti C02 ndi H20. Alkenes, zimavuta ndi permanganate potaziyamu kupanga alcohols dihydric (glycols).

Chemical katundu wa alkenes: olefin polymerization

Anapereka chimasanduka kuonetsa chizolowezi kwambiri polymerization anachita. Childs, polima - ndi unyolo yaitali ndi kubwereza mayunitsi structural (monomers). Zimenezi akhoza kuyamba mu njira zingapo, koma nthawi zambiri ndi unyolo, ndipo ukukamba kwakukulu, cationic kapena anionic njira ufulu.

Chemical katundu wa alkenes: cationic polymerization

Mtundu wa anachita ndi catalyzed ndi zidulo. Purotoni akulowa olefin, n'kupanga carbocation. Ndiyeno mlandu wotsiriza pa PI-sitemu wina molekyulu ndi mitundu alkene carbocation ndi unyolo yaitali, amene akuukira zotsatirazi olefin molekyulu, etc. Chifukwa, ndi ejection wa pulotoni kapena ndondomeko ena alionse, "Kuthetsa" kuyang'anira carbocation, ndi dera lotseguka amapezeka. Pamene anionic polymerization novice anion aumbike mwa nucleophilic nkhondo ya anion X- olefin. Pamene Ufumuyo purotoni unyolo yopuma. Tikumbukenso kuti ufulu kwakukulu polymerize ambiri chimasanduka unsaturated. Zimenezi akhoza kuyamba H202, organic peroxides, hydroperoxides, etc. Open dera kumachitika chifukwa recombination a ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira. Nthawi zina, kwa ma polima alkene ntchito copolymerization anachita. Mu copolymerization, ndi polima chikukhudza m'madera osiyanasiyana, alternating mu macromolecule mu njira inayake. The mankhwala anachita kuwapeza copolymer. Thupi ndi makina zimatha mankhwala pano atsimikiziridwa makamaka mwa dongosolo la kusinthana mayunitsi pulayimale, ndi mtundu ndi kuchuluka kwa monomers inaphatikizapo mu unyolo polima.