Zokhuza kapangidwe ka maatomu: makhalidwe ndi peculiarities wa njira

Atomu - ndi tinthu zing'onozing'ono mankhwala mankhwala, okhoza kukhala katundu wake. Mawu "atomu" lachokera ku Greek «atomos», kutanthauza "chosagawanika". . Malinga kodi ndi mtundu wanji wa particles ali maatomu, tingadziwire zinthu mankhwala.

Mwachidule za kapangidwe ka maatomu

Kodi inu mwachidule lembani mfundo zazikulu za kapangidwe ka maatomu? Atomu ndi tinthu ndi phata mukukonzekera ndithu mlandu. Mozungulira pakati izi oyenerera zoipa mlandu mtambo wa ma elekitironi. Aliyense atomu mu boma mwake ndi ndale. Kukula kwa particles akhoza kwathunthu kumatsimikizika ndi kukula kwa elekitironi mtambo lozungulira pachimake.

Ngale yokha, nawonso, komanso tichipeza particles ang'onoang'ono - mapulotoni neutrons. Mapulotoni ndi zabwino mlandu. Neutrons Musatenge mlandu uliwonse. Komabe, mapulotoni neutrons pamodzi amaphatikizidwa mu gulu limodzi ndipo amadziwika monga nucleons. . Ngati mukufuna zinthu zofunika za dongosolo atomiki mwachidule, zimenezi zimakhala zochepa ndi kafukufuku anatchula.

Mfundo yoyamba za maatomu

About yemweyo, kuti nkhaniyo akhoza wapangidwa particles ang'onoang'ono, amaganiziridwa Agiriki akale. Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti onse amene alipo wapangidwa ndi maatomu. Komabe, maganizo amenewo anali mwangwiro nzeru zaumunthu mu chikhalidwe ndi sangatheke kutanthauziridwa mwasayansi.

Mfundo yoyamba zoyambirira za kapangidwe ka atomu kunali English wasayansi Dzhon Dalton. Kapoloyu amasamalira kafukufuku kuti adziwe kuti zinthu mankhwala awiri akhoza kuchita magawanidwe osiyana ndi momwe aliyense kuphatikiza oterowo adzakhala chinthu chatsopano. Mwachitsanzo, eyiti zinthu mbali mpweya kupanga ndi carbonic asidi mpweya. The magawo anayi a mpweya - monoxide mpweya.

Mu 1803, Dalton anapeza otchedwa lamulo la magawo angapo mu zimapangidwira. . Kudzera mwa miyezo mosadziwika (popeza palibe atomu ndiye sanathe ankaona pansi ndiye microscopes) Daltons anapeza kuti kulemera wachibale wa maatomu.

kafukufuku Rutherford

Pafupifupi zaka zingapo, mfundo zazikulu za kapangidwe ka atomu anali anatsimikizira ndi wina sayansi English - Ernest Rutherford. Wasayansi anaganiza chitsanzo cha elekitironi chigoba cha particles zazing'ono.

Pa nthawi imeneyo, Rutherford "mapulaneti chitsanzo cha atomu" anali chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri kuti akhoza kuchita zinthu zinapangidwira. zokhuza kapangidwe atomiki anasonyeza kuti ndi ofanana ndi dongosolo la zowalitsa: mozungulira phata m'njira bwino chimatanthauza zokhudza ma elekitironi particles, monga kuchita mapulaneti.

Pakompyuta casing maatomu ndi maatomu a zinthu mankhwala njira

Elekitironi chipolopolo aliyense atomu lili ndendende ma elekitironi onse amene atama mapulotoni mu phata ake. Choncho ndi ndale atomu. Mu 1913, wasayansi wina analandira mfundo zazikulu za kapangidwe ka maatomu. chilinganizo Niels Bohr anali ofanana ndi amene anali Rutherford. Malinga ndi zosiyana, monga ma elekitironi kuzungulira phata la, limene lili pakati. Bohr kusinthidwa chiphunzitso Rutherford, anapanga mogwirizana mfundo zake.

Ngakhale ndiye, chilinganizo cha ena zinthu mankhwala zidalengedwa. Mwachitsanzo, dongosolo chojambula wa asafe atomu ndiwo amaimira monga 1s 2s ^{2 2} 2p ^3, dongosolo zowonetseredwa ndi chilinganizo cha sodium wochuluka atomu ² 2s 1s ² 2p ⁶ 3s ^1. Kudzera mitunduyi izi Tingaone, kuchuluka kwa ma elekitironi chikusuntha orbitals aliyense wa mankhwala makamaka.

Schrödinger lachitsanzo

Koma chitsanzo ichi atomiki ndi chinthu chakale. zokhuza kapangidwe ka maatomu, kudziwika kwa sayansi lero, zinthu zambiri akhala zikomo kupezeka ndi kafukufuku wa ku Austria sayansi Schroedinger.

Iye akufuna chitsanzo watsopano akuphatikizapo - aziweyulira. Pa nthawi imeneyo, asayansi atsimikizira kuti elekitironi wapatsidwa osati chikhalidwe cha tinthu, koma ali ndi katundu mafunde.

Komabe, Schrödinger lachitsanzo Rutherford pali kamba ambiri. Iwo amafanana chiphunzitso kuti ma elekitironi kulibe misinkhu ena.

misinkhu oterowo amatchedwanso zigawo amagetsi. Mothandizidwa ndi chiwerengero mlingo akhoza yodziwika ndi mphamvu elekitironi. The apamwamba wosanjikiza, ndi mphamvu zambiri nyamayi. misinkhu yonse amaonedwa kukhala pansi, kotero chiwerengero mlingo limafanana ndi mphamvu yake. Aliyense wa zigawo mu elekitironi chigoba cha maatomu ali zake boma misinkhu. Chotero pa mlingo woyamba akhale sublayer wina, wachiwiri - awiri, wachitatu - (., Onani pamwamba chilinganizo asafe pakompyuta ndi sodium wochuluka) atatu ndi zina zotero.

Ngakhale particles ang'onoang'ono

Pa nthawi imeneyi, kumene, zooneka particles ngakhale ang'onoang'ono kuposa elekitironi, purotoni ndi nyutironi. Amadziwika kuti purotoni wapangidwa wa quarks. Pali particles ngakhale ang'onoang'ono wa chilengedwe chonse - monga neutrinos, imene kukula nthawi zana kakang'ono kuposa quark ndi nthawi biliyoni kakang'ono kuposa purotoni a.

Neutrino - ndi tinthu ochepa kuti septillionov nthawi 10 zosakwana Mwachitsanzo, Tyrannosaurus. Tyrannosaurus yokha zina zing'onozing'ono zambiri kuposa lonse ndikuoneka chilengedwe.

zokhuza kapangidwe ka maatomu: ndi mpweya wa poizoni

Izo nthawizonse amadziwika kuti palibe mankhwala anachita sizingathe mchitidwe ina. Koma mu ndondomeko cheza zimachitika zokha.

Mpweya wa poizoni ndi mphamvu ya mtima atomiki kusanduliza mu mtima zina - wolimba kwambiri. Pamene anthu alandire zokhuza kapangidwe ka atomu, isotopes, kumlingo akhoza kukhala chimake maloto a asayansi akale.

Mu ndondomeko ya kuvunda kwa isotopes panamveka ndi cheza nyukiliya. Kwa nthawi yoyamba chodabwitsa chotero anatulukira ndi Becquerel. Mtundu waukulu wa poizoni - ndi Alpha kuwonongeka. Pamene pali umuna wa particles Alpha. Palinso beta kuwola, imene pakati ndi n'kuthamangitsidwa maatomu, motero, beta tinthu.

Natural ndi yokumba isotopes

Panopa tikudziwa pafupifupi 40 isotopes achilengedwe. Ambiri a iwo ili m'magulu atatu: ureniamu-Analandira, thorium ndi actinium. Onse isotopes amenewa amapezeka mu chikhalidwe - m'matanthwe, nthaka, mpweya. Koma popanda iwo, imatchedwanso pafupifupi zikwi isotopes kuwetedwa amatuluka mu nyukiliya. . Ambiri a isotopes awa mankhwala, makamaka matenda.

Kufanana mkati maatomu

Ngati ife kulingalira atomu, kukula kwa amene adzakhala ofanana kukula kwa bwaloli mayiko masewera, ndiye inu mukhoza zowoneka kupeza anapangira izi. The ma elekitironi la atomu anthu a "kusitediyamu" adzakhala inali pamwamba pa maguwa. Aliyense wa iwo adzakhala kakang'ono kuposa mutu wa singano. Ndiye ngale adzakhala inali pakati pa munda, ndipo kukula kwake sikudzakhala lalikulu kuposa kukula kwa mtola a.

Nthawi zina anthu amafunsa funso limeneli kwenikweni zikuwoneka atomu. Ndipotu kwenikweni sizimawoneka mu njira iliyonse - osati chifukwa chakuti sayansi underutilized microscopes wabwino. Miyeso ya atomu ali m'madera amene lingaliro la "aone" kulibe.

Maatomu ndi miyeso ochepa. Koma chachikulu bwanji kwenikweni miyeso izi? mfundo ndi yakuti ambiri ang'ono, sadzachitanso kuonekera kwa anthu diso njere ya mchere lili quintillion maatomu.

Ngati ife kulingalira atomu ya kukula kuti kukwana mu dzanja, ndiye pafupi kuti azindikire mavairasi 300 mita m'litali. mabakiteriya amakhala ndi kutalika 3 Km, ndi makulidwe a tsitsi la munthu kukhala wofanana 150 Km. Mu malo supine, iye anatha kupita koposa m'mlengalenga. Ndipo ngati chiwerengero ngati zinali zoyenera, tsitsi anthu m'litali akafuna mwezi. Apa ngati zovuta ndi chidwi atomu, amene amaphunzira asayansi kupitiriza kuchita lero.