Zipangizo Electrotechnical, katundu ndi ntchito

Mwachangu ndi durability makina magetsi ndi zomera zimadalira chikhalidwe cha kutchinjiriza ndi zipangizo zamagetsi zimene zipangizo ndi ntchito. Iwo yodziwika ndi mndandanda wa katundu imene anawaika zinthu mu atomu kumunda, ndipo anaika mu zipangizo zochokera zolozerazi.

Gawo zipangizo zamagetsi amalola m'magulu osiyana zokutira zitsulo, semiconducting, kuchititsa ndi zipangizo maginito kuti ndizipeza zinthu zazikulu: capacitors, akuwauza, isolators ndi michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi zinthu wokonzeka.

Zida kuchita mphamvu ya maginito kapena magetsi aliyense ndi katundu yeniyeni, ndi ongoyendayenda radiations angapo nthawi imodzi. zipangizo maginito conventionally ogaŵikana zinthu ofooka maginito ndi zinthu maginito. Mu njira magetsi zambiri ntchito maginito zipangizo amphamvu.

zida sayansi

chuma anati mankhwala, yodziwika ndi olekana ndi zinthu zina mipweya, katundu ndi kapangidwe ka tinthu ndipo maatomu. thunthu ali mmodzi wa limati zinayi: gaseous, olimba, madzi kapena madzi a m'magazi. Magetsi ndi structural zipangizo kuchita kukhazikitsa zosiyanasiyana ntchito.

Kuchititsa zipangizo kupereka ma elekitironi otaya zigawo kupereka dielectric kudzipatula. Kugwiritsa zinthu resistor akatembenuka mphamvu ngati zamagetsi ku kutentha, zipangizo za mankhwala yomanga kusunga mawonekedwe awo, mwachitsanzo, ndi nyumba. Magetsi ndi kumanga zipangizo chofunika kuchita imodzi koma zingapo zokhudza ntchito, monga insulator mu mayesero magetsi katundu, zomwe zimabweretsa kuti zipangizo structural.

Magetsi zipangizo sayansi - sayansi polimbana ndi tanthauzo la katundu, kuphunzira khalidwe la zinthu mchikakamizo cha magetsi ozizira minda, maginito ndi maphunziro ena sayansi makhalidwe enieni ankafunika kumanga makina magetsi zipangizo ndi makhazikitsidwe ..

atsogoleri

Zikuphatikizapo zamagetsi, ndilo chizindikiro chachikulu anasonyeza madutsidwe wa magetsi. Ichi ndi chifukwa misa ndi zinthu zonse ma elekitironi pano ali ofooka womangidwa kwa phata ndi kukhala mfulu mlandu zonyamulira. Amasuntha ndi kanjira wa molekyulu wina ndi mzake ndi kulenga panopa. Zipangizo waukulu conductive ankaona zamkuwa, zitsulo zotayidwa.

Kuti ochititsa ndi zinthu zimene ndi magetsi resistivity ρ <10 ^-5, mmene chuma ndi wochititsa kwambiri ndi chizindikiro 10 ^-8 Ohm * m. zitsulo zonse kukhala zabwino panopa tebulo la zinthu 105 25 simuli zitsulo yekha, ndipo mwa ichi gulu osiyanasiyana zipangizo 12 khalidwe magetsi inawadutsa ndipo amaonedwa monga semiconductors.

Zakuthambo zipangizo zamagetsi amalola ntchito zawo monga wothandizila mu limati gaseous ndi madzi. Monga zitsulo madzi pa kutentha yachibadwa ndi okhawo Mercury, umene boma achilengedwe. The zitsulo zina ntchito ngati akuwauza yekha madzi mu mkhalidwe mkangano. Pakuti ochititsa ntchito ndi madzi conductive Mwachitsanzo electrolyte. katundu Kwambiri akuwauza, ndi kulola kusiyanitsa malinga ndi mlingo wa madutsidwe magetsi, matenthedwe makhalidwe madutsidwe amaonedwa ndi luso m'badwo matenthedwe.

zipangizo dielectric

Mosiyana ndi ochititsa, dielectrics misa lili ochepa ma elekitironi ufulu elongated mawonekedwe. Chuma chachikulu cha mankhwala ndi mphamvu yake kulandira polarity za kuthengo magetsi. zodabwitsazi anafotokoza chifukwa chakuti mchikakamizo cha milandu magetsi zokhudzana amalimbikitsidwa mu njira zinthu asilikali. Mtunda kuchepetsa ndi wamkulu, ndi apamwamba a magetsi kumunda mphamvu.

Magetsi chimateteza zipangizo ndi pafupi ndi abwino kuposa index madutsidwe ang'onoang'ono, ndi wochepa kutchulidwa kuposa mlingo wa kugawanika, amene amapereka limasonyeza kupezeka ndi Kugawilidwa kwanthaka matenthedwe mphamvu. The madutsidwe wa dielectric zachokera zochita za pang'ono ufulu dipoles mosinthana ndi zochita za kuthengo. Pambuyo kugawanika, ndi dielectric mankhwala mitundu ndi polarity osiyana, i.e. mlanduwo awiri zizindikiro zosiyana anapanga padziko.

dielectrics ntchito kwambiri m'madera magetsi, kuyambira ntchito yogwira ndi chabe makhalidwe amafotokozera.

Kuti nkhani yogwira, ndi katundu amenable kwa eni, monga:

• pyroelectrics;
• electroluminophors;
• piezoelectrics;
• ferroelectrics;
• electrets;
• zipangizo emitters mu laser lapansi.

Kuweta magetsi zipangizo - dielectric chabe katundu, ntchito monga chimateteza zipangizo ndi capacitors a mtundu ochiritsira. Iwo kutisiyanitsa magawo awiri a dera magetsi Chrixitu ndi kuteteza kusefukira kwa milandu magetsi. Popeza kudzipatula kwawo ikuchitika kudzera mbali panopa-yonyamula kuti mphamvu ya magetsi ili kuchisiya kapena pa nyumba ya.

ankasiyana insulator ndi

Mu zipangizo organic ndi zochita kupanga dielectric zidzasankhidwa, malingana mipweya. dielectrics Mankwala mulibe mpweya mu kapangidwe kake, pamene mitundu organic ndi zofunika kwambiri mpweya amafotokozera. zinthu Mankwala monga ziwiya zadothi, Mica, digiri yapamwamba kutentha.

zakuthupi magetsi njira yopangira ogaŵikana dielectrics zachilengedwe ndi yokumba. The ntchito zosiyanasiyana angapange zachokera chakuti kupanga zimathandiza kupereka chuma katundu kufunika.

Malinga ndi kapangidwe ka tinthu ndi latisi dielectrics maselo ogaŵikana kumalo ozizira ndipo sanali kumalo ozizira. Otsiriza amatchedwanso ndale. kusiyana ndi kuti maatomu ndi tizidutswa isanafike zochita zawo pa magetsi kapena alibe mlandu magetsi. K gulu ndale zikuphatikizapo Teflon, polyethylene, Mica, khwatsi, ndi ena The dielectrics kumalo ozizira zigwirizana mamolekyulu ndi mlandu zabwino kapena zoipa., Chitsanzo ndi polyvinyl enaake, bakelite.

katundu dielectric

Monga dielectrics ogaŵikana gaseous, madzi ndi olimba. The zambiri ntchito olimba magetsi zipangizo. katundu ndi ntchito ayesedwa ntchito magawo ndi makhalidwe:

• buku resistivity;
• dielectric permittivity;
• pamwamba resistivity;
• ndi koyefishienti wa permeability matenthedwe;
• dielectric imfa tangent ya njingayo lofotokozedwa;
• mphamvu ya zinthu mchikakamizo cha magetsi.

Volume resistivity zimadalira mphamvu ya chuma ndi kulimbana kutayikira adalira zonse mtengo panopa. Chizindikiro osiyanitsidwa resistivity otchedwa chochuluka madutsidwe.

Pamwamba resistivity anatsimikiza ndi luso la chuma kukana panopa zonse loyenda pamwamba pake. Pamwamba madutsidwe ndi reciprocal wa chithunzi m'mbuyomu.

The koyefishienti wa permeability matenthedwe amasonyeza digiri ya kusintha resistivity atasankha kutentha kwa thunthu. Childs, kukana amachepetsa ndi kuwonjezeka kutentha Choncho, phindu koyefishienti ndi negative.

The zonse dielectric ndiyo ntchito magetsi zipangizo malinga ndi luso zinthu kulenga capacitance magetsi. Muyeso wa permittivity wachibale wa dielectric a m'gulu mfundo permeability mtheradi. Kusintha kutchinjiriza mphamvu chizindikiro anasonyeza yapita matenthedwe permeability koyefishienti, amene imodzi amasonyeza ponso kapena kuchepa capacitance ndi kusintha kutentha.

Tangent wa dielectric imfa ngodya amasonyeza digiri unyolo imfa mphamvu ndi ulemu kwa zinthu dielectric pansi magetsi alternating panopa.

Yodziwika zipangizo Electrotechnical wa dielectric mphamvu chizindikiro, amene amasankha n'zotheka kuwononga chinthu mwapanikizika. Kudziwa mawotchi mphamvu za ambiri mwa mayesero kukhazikitsa index malire compressive mphamvu, kwamakokedwe, kupinda, torsional, zimakhudza ndi fupa lothyoka.

Thupi ndi mankhwala makhalidwe a dielectrics

Mu dielectrics muli nambala inayake zidulo anamasulidwa. Kuchuluka kwa hydroxide potaziyamu mu mamiligalamu chofunika kuchotsa zinyalala mu 1 g wa mankhwala wotchedwa nambala acid. Zidulo kuwononga katundu organic ndi zoyipa pa katundu chimateteza.

Khalidwe zipangizo zamagetsi lowonjezera kukhuthala koyefishienti kapena mikangano, kusonyeza mlingo wa otaya kanthu. Kukhuthala lagawidwa makonzedwe ndi kinematic.

Mlingo wa mayamwidwe madzi anatsimikiza malingana unyinji wa madzi chosakanikirana ndi masiku mayeso mchitidwe kukula pambuyo kumizidwa m'madzi pa kutentha anakonzeratu. mapangidwe Izi kukusonyeza porosity cha chuma, kuwonjezera index chatsitsa katundu chimateteza.

zipangizo maginito

Magwiridwe kufufuza katundu maginito zimatchedwa makhalidwe maginito:

• Maginito permeability mtheradi;
• maginito wachibale permeability;
• matenthedwe koyefishienti wa permeability maginito;
• mphamvu pazipita maginito.

zipangizo maginito anawagawa mwakhama ndi zofewa. Zinthu zofewa yodziwika ndi zomvetsa yaing'ono zomwe zikutsalirazi ukulu wa magnetization thupi wochititsa maginito. Komanso permeable kuti mafunde maginito yaing'ono chogonedwa monyengeleredwa mphamvu ndi apamwamba machulukitsidwe kupatsidwa ulemu. ntchito zawo mu chipangizo tiransifoma makina mu atomu, ndi njira, zishango maginito kapena zida zina kumene m'pofunika magnetization ndi zosiyidwa otsika mphamvu. Zikuphatikizapo koyera electrolytic chitsulo, chitsulo - Armco, permalloy, magetsi zitsulo kasakaniza wazitsulo mapepala, faifi tambala zitsulo.

zipangizo olimba yodziwika ndi chidwi imfa zomwe zikutsalirazi digiri ya magnetization pa munda kunja maginito. Kulandira nyemba kamodzi maginito, monga zipangizo zamagetsi ndi katundu ndi maginito, ndi kwa nthawi yaitali kusunga mphamvu kusungidwa. Iwo mkulu chogonedwa monyengeleredwa mphamvu ndi mkulu yotsalira mphamvu kupatsidwa ulemu. Zochitika ndi makhalidwe amenewa ntchito kupanga maginito n'kupuma. Oimira zinthu ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo zochokera zigawo chitsulo, zotayidwa, faifi tambala, cobalt, pakachitsulo.

magnetodielectrics

Nkhanizi wosanganiza, 75-80% mu zikuchokera munali ufa maginito, unyinji wa organic mkulu polymeric zotsalira ladzala ndi dielectric. Y ferrites ndi ferrites kuchuluka mfundo za buku resistivity, ang'ono zimakochezapo zomvetsa panopa, amene amalola ntchito zawo ukadaulo mkulu-pafupipafupi. Ferrites ndi zizindikiro khola m'minda osiyana pafupipafupi.

MUNDA ntchito ferromagnets

Iwo ntchito bwino kwambiri kuti akonze maziko a coils thiransifoma. Angagwiritsire ntchito mfundo zimathandiza kuwonjezera kwambiri mphamvu ya maginito a thiransifoma, pamene osamasintha kuwerenga panopa mphamvu. Chotero mayikidwe a ferrite ndi amapulumutsa mowa mphamvu pa ntchito chipangizo. zipangizo zamagetsi ndi zida pambuyo chikoka kunja maginito kusunga makhalidwe maginito, ndi kupitiriza kusamala munda danga pafupi.

mafunde pulayimale Sizilowana pambuyo kuzimitsa maginito, motero kupanga muyezo okhazikika maginito ntchito bwino pa Zomverera, matelefoni, kuyeza zipangizo, Zimalondolera, phokoso kujambula zipangizo. wotchuka kwambiri mu ntchito ya maginito osatha, osati electrically conductive. Analandira pawiri wa oxides chitsulo ndi oxides ena. Lodestone amatanthauza ferrite.

zipangizo michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi

Awa ndi zinthu zomwe ndi mtengo madutsidwe umene uli imeneyi ya index izi kwa ochititsa ndi dielectrics. The madutsidwe a zinthuzi zimadalira kuli zosafunika kulemera, zimakhudza kunja ndi malangizo vuto mkati.

Kaperekedwe electrotechnical zipangizo semiconductors gulu zikusonyeza kusiyana kwambiri ku zinthu mzake pa latisi Kapangidwe, zikuchokera ndi katundu. Malinga magawo awa, zipangizo anawagawira ku mitundu 4:

1. Zochitika maatomu okhala ndi mitundu limodzi: pakachitsulo, phosphorous, boron, selenium, indium, germanium, gallium, ndi ena.
2. Zipangizo okhala oxides zitsulo wapangidwa - mkuwa okusayidi, cadmium, nthaka ndi ena.
3. Zipangizo mu ophatikizana gulu antimonide.
4. Organic zipangizo - naphthalene, anthracene, ndi ena.

Malinga kophimba ogaŵikana zipangizo polycrystalline michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi ndi zinthu monocrystalline. Zochita za zipangizo zamagetsi zimawathandiza nawo sanali maginito ndi ofooka. Mwa zigawo zikuluzikulu ya maginito kusiyanitsa semiconductors, akuwauza ndi zinthu sanali conductive. Chotsani Kugawilidwa kwanthaka ndi zovuta kuchita, popeza zipangizo zambiri zinthu zosiyana mu malo kusintha. Mwachitsanzo, ntchito zina semiconductors pa otsika kutentha angayerekezedwe ndi zotsatira za insulators lapansi. Anthu dielectrics ndi Kutentha ntchito semiconductors.

zipangizo gulu

Zida kuti sitiri ogawanika pa kugwira ntchito ndi zikuchokera, wotchedwa gulu zipangizo, izo ndi zipangizo zamagetsi. katundu ndi ntchito chifukwa osakaniza zipangizo ntchito mu kupanga lapansi. Zitsanzo ndi galasi CHIKWANGWANI pepala zigawo, fiberglass, zosakaniza wa zitsulo conductive ndi refractory. Ntchito zosakaniza mphamvu ofanana limasonyeza zinthu ndi kuwatsatira ndi kumene akupita. Nthawi zina osakaniza zigawo gulu kumabweretsa chilengedwe cha mchitidwe atsopano kotheratu kwa katundu wina.

zipangizo filimu

Wamkulu kuchuluka kwa kulepheretsa magetsi ndi matepi zomatira apeza monga zipangizo zamagetsi. katundu awo ndi osiyana dielectrics ena kake zokwanira mawotchi mphamvu ndi katundu kwambiri chimateteza. The makulidwe a mankhwala zimasiyanasiyana malinga nkhaniyo:

• filimu makulidwe a 6-255 microns kuchita, kumasulidwa tepi 0,2-3,1 mamilimita;
• mankhwala polystyrene mu mawonekedwe a matepi ndi mafilimu opangidwa 20-110 microns wakuda;
• wandiweyani polyethylene tepi anapanga 35-200 m, ndi m'lifupi mwake 250 1500 mamilimita;
• fluoroplastic filimu makulidwe wapangidwa microns 5 mpaka 40, m'lifupi mwake 10-210 mamilimita chimanena.

Gulu la zipangizo zamagetsi ku filimu walola kusiyanitsa mitundu iwiri: filimu zochokera ndipo sanali zochokera. The zakuthupi ntchito nthawi zambiri.

Utoto ndi zokutira kwa kutchinjiriza magetsi

Solutions zinthu kupanga pa solidification filimu ndi amakono zamagetsi. gulu Izi zikuphatikizapo asphalts, kuyanika mafuta, resins, mapadi esters kapena mankhwala ndi osakaniza zigawo izi. Kutembenuka kwa viscous chigawo insulator zikadzatha evaporation wa misa zosungunulira unayikidwa ndi kupanga wandiweyani filimu. Mwa njira ya ntchito filimu lagawidwa zomatira, ❖ kuyanika ndi impregnation.

Impregnating vanishi ntchito windings magetsi kuti kuonjezera madutsidwe matenthedwe ndi kukana kwa chinyezi. ❖ kuyanika varnish chapamwamba kulenga ❖ kuyanika zoteteza ndi chinyezi, ozizira, mafuta, pamwamba kumulowetsa, pulasitiki kutchinjiriza. zigawo zomatira angathe zomatira Mica mbale ndi zipangizo zina.

Mankhwala kwa kutchinjiriza magetsi

zinthuzi apereka njira madzi pa nthawi ya ntchito, kenako oipa ndi yochiritsa. Zinthu yodziwika ndi chakuti zikuchokera lilibe solvents. The mankhwala komanso a gulu la "zamagetsi". Mitundu ndi kuponyera awo ndi impregnating. Yoyamba ntchito kudzaza cavities mu couplings chingwe, ndipo gulu lachiwiri ntchito impregnation wa windings injini.

Mankhwala kutulutsa thermoplastic, iwo kufewetsa pambuyo kuwonjezeka kutentha, ndipo thermosetting, mokhazikika asayambe mawonekedwe a solidification.

Impregnated zipangizo fibrous zokutira zitsulo

Kwa kupanga zomangira ntchito ulusi organic ndi zigawo munthu. Natural masamba ulusi silika, bafuta, mtengo remaking ku zipangizo za chiyambi organic (CHIKWANGWANI, nsalu, mapepala). Chinyezi wa insulators ngati ranges kuchokera 6-10%.

zipangizo Organic wa kupanga (nayiloni) muli chinyezi yekha 3 mpaka 5%, monga machulukitsidwe chinyezi ndi ulusi zochita kupanga (fiberglass). zipangizo Mankwala yodziwika ndi kulephera kuti moto pa Kutentha ndithu. Ngati zipangizo zilowerere enamels kapena lacquers, ndi flammability ukuwonjezeka. Wonjezerani zipangizo zamagetsi amatuluka mu kupanga makina magetsi komanso zipangizo zamagetsi.

Leteroid

A CHIKWANGWANI woonda amapangidwa mu mapepala ndi adagulung'undisa mu mpukutu zoyendera. Ndi ntchito monga chuma kwa zotsimikizira ndi kutchinjiriza gaskets, zooneka dielectrics washers. Paper impregnated ndi asibesitosi ndi gulu asibesitosi zopangidwa asibesitosi chrysotile, komanso yogawanika mu misempha. Asibesitosi ali kukana kuti zinthu zamchere, koma zimafunika ku asidi ndi.

Pomaliza, tisaiwale kuti ntchito zipangizo zamakono za kutchinjiriza moyo utumiki zamagetsi ali kwambiri kuchuluka. Pakuti makhazikitsidwe nyumba ntchito zipangizo ndi katundu asankhidwa kuti mpata kupanga zida zatsopano zinchito ndi bwino ntchito.