Zotayidwa, kupanga zotayidwa: luso, ndondomeko ndi kufotokozera

Zotayidwa ali zambiri zinthu zimene kupanga izo imodzi mwa zipangizo amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu dziko. Iwo inafalitsidwa mu chikhalidwe, kutenga malo oyamba mwa zitsulo. Zingatanthauze kuti mavuto ndi kupanga ake sayenera. Koma mkulu wa mankhwala ntchito zitsulo kumabweretsa mfundo kuti sanali kukumana ndi kubala wangwiro - n'zovuta, wapatali mphamvu kwambiri.

zipangizo za ulimi

Kumene zipangizo ndi zotayidwa? Zotayidwa yopanga mchere onse okhala izo, mtengo ndi uneconomic. Tingafinye izo kuchokera bauxite, amene muli 50% oxides zotayidwa anaonetsera mwachindunji padziko lapansi misa kwambiri.

Izi miyala zotayidwa ndi m'malo ovuta mipweya. Iwo ali aluminiyamu mu kuchuluka kwa 30-70% ndi kulemera, silicas, zimenezi mpaka 20% ya chitsulo okusayidi mu osiyanasiyana kuchokera 2 50%, titaniyamu (10%).

Aluminas, ndi aluminiyamu imeneyi imakhala ndi hydroxides, corundum ndi kaolinite.

Posachedwapa aluminiyamu anakonza kuchokera nephelines zitsulo amene amapanga komanso sodium, okusayidi potassium silika, ndipo alunite.

Kwa kupanga matani 1 zotayidwa woyera muyenera pafupifupi awiri matani aluminiyamu, amene nawonso, anakonza kuchokera tonnes pafupifupi 4.5 wa bauxite.

bauxite

Limited nkhokwe ya bauxite mu dziko. Padziko lonse m'zigawo zonse zisanu ndi ziwiri, ndi madipoziti ake wolemera. Iwo Guinea mu Africa, Brazil, Venezuela ndi Suriname ku America South, Jamaica, Caribbean, Australia, India, China, Greece ndi Turkey ku Mediterranean ndi Russia.

M'mayiko pali wolemera miyala ya bauxite, tingathe kukulitsa yopanga zitsulo zotayidwa. Russian migodi bauxite mu Urals, Altai ndi Krasnoyarsk Magawo, mu umodzi wa distilikiti ya m'dera Leningrad, nepheline - pa Kola Peninsula.

Olemera madipoziti wokwatibwa ndi UC RUSAL ndi Russian kuwonjezekeredwa kampani. Kenako zimphona Rio Tinto (Australia-England), ali teamed ndi Alcan Canada ndi CVRD. Mu malo chinayi Chalco kampani ku China, ndiye US-Australian bungweli Alcoa zimene zili yaikulu opanga zotayidwa.

Magwero a ulimi

Chidanishi sayansi Oersted allocated zotayidwa yoyamba ufulu mawonekedwe mu 1825. The mankhwala anachita chinachitika ndi mankhwala enaake zotayidwa ndi mapaziwo apangidwa potassium m'malo amene patapita zaka ziwiri German sayansi Wohler ntchito zachitsulo potaziyamu.

Potaziyamu - ndi chuma mtengo Koma mu mafakitale aluminiyamu France St. Clair Deville 1854 m'malo potaziyamu ndi sodium godu ntchito, amafotokozera ndi kwambiri mtengo, ndipo muwirikize kugonjetsedwa zotayidwa mankhwala enaake ndi sodium wochuluka.

Russian wasayansi NN Beketov akhoza aithamangitse zitsulo zotayidwa ku osungunula cryolite magnesium. Mu Mipingo mochedwa M'zaka zomwezi zimene mankhwala ntchito ndi Germany tsiku loyamba zotayidwa ng'anjo. Mu theka lachiwiri la XVIII atumwi akamagwira mankhwala zikutanthauza 20 matani koyera zitsulo. Zinali odula zotayidwa.

Yopanga zitsulo zotayidwa ndi electrolysis unachokera mu 1886, pamene onse anali pafupifupi ofanana akadandaule setifiketi ntchito imeneyi njira oyambitsa American katswiri ndi Nyumba ndi ndondomeko France Heroult. Iwo anadzipereka kupasuka aluminiyamu mu cryolite wosungunuka ndipo kenako electrolysis kupeza zotayidwa.

Ndi anayamba makampani zotayidwa, amene wakhala kwa zaka zopitirira zana limodzi ya nthambi waukulu wa makampani.

Magawo waukulu wa sayansi yopanga

Ambiri, zotayidwa kupanga luso Sanasinthe chiyambire chilengedwe.

ndondomeko imakhala masiteji atatu. Pa miyala woyamba zotayidwa kapena bauxite kaya nephelines analandira aluminiyamu - zotayidwa okusayidi Al ₂ O _3.

Ndiye, kuyambira mafakitale hydroxide zotayidwa n'kopanda ndi chiyero cha 99,5%, lomwe ndi zoperewera zolinga zina.

Choncho, mu gawo lotsiriza akuyeretsedwa zotayidwa. kupanga zotayidwa udzatha kuyeretsa yake 99,99%.

kupeza aluminiyamu

Pali njira zitatu kupeza aluminiyamu ku ores:

- asidi;

- Electrolytic;

- zamchere.

Yotsirizira njira - ambiri, anayamba kubwerera mu chomwecho XVIII atumwi, koma tsopano akhala mobwerezabwereza linakonzedwanso ndipo kwambiri bwino, ntchito kwa processing wa bauxite mkulu amasankha. Choncho analandira pafupifupi 85% aluminiyamu.

SUMMARY soda njira ndi njira zotayidwa kuwola ndinso pa liwilo pamene anadzetsa hydroxide zotayidwa. Yankho otsala anali chamunthuyo pambuyo anachita pa kutentha pafupifupi 170 ° C ndi kachiwiri ntchito yanyumba aluminiyamu;

Choyamba Bauxite wosweka ndi pansi mphero ndi laimu caustic kenako mu autoclave pa kutentha kwa 250 ° C, kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala ndi sodium wochuluka ake aluminate aumbike, amene kuchepetsedwa ndi yankho ndi zamchere kale pa m'munsi kutentha - 100 ° C onse yankho aluminate ndi osambitsidwa thickeners wapadera, wosiyana sludge lapansi. Ndiye pali kudzitsitsa ake. Anakonza anali amawapopa kudzera Zosefera mu chidebe ndi stirrer kwa mosalekeza yogwira mtima zikuchokera mu mbewu ya linakhulupirira hydroxide olimba zotayidwa.

The hydrocyclones ndi Zosefera zingalowe allocated hydroxide zotayidwa, gawo limene anabwerera monga chuma mbewu, ndi mbali apita calcination. The filtrate otsalira pambuyo kulekana kwa hydroxide, Komanso udzabwerera kwa zolowa lotsatira mtanda leaching wa bauxite.

Calcination ndondomeko (madzi m'thupi) hydroxide mu uvuni makina pa kutentha kwa 1300 ° C.

Pakuti matani awiri aluminiyamu ankadya 8.4 kWh magetsi.

Wamphamvu mankhwala pawiri amene limatsogolera kutentha ndi 2050 ° C, si zotayidwa. kupanga zotayidwa patsogolo.

Electrolysis wa aluminiyamu

Zipangizo chachikulu electrolysis ndi kusamba wapadera, alimbane ndi midadada mpweya. Kuti zodabwitsa ake magetsi. The mpweya anodes amizidwa kusamba ali combusted mu Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa oyera mpweya ndi mawonekedwe oxides ulgleroda monoxide ndi woipa. Osambira kapena elektrilizery monga iwo akutchedwa akatswiri, aphatikizidwa dera magetsi mu mndandanda, kupanga angapo. The mwamphamvu ziliri pa nkhani iyi ndi 150 zikwi amperes.

Anodes angakhale mitundu iwiri: Malasha zipolopolo kuchokera ikuluikulu yolimba, amene misa mwina kuposa matani Söderberg ndi ongokhala briquettes khala mu m'chimake zotayidwa, amene sintered pa electrolysis pa kutentha.

Zida selo voteji ndi ambiri padziko 5 volts. Pamafunika nkhani voteji koyenera kuti kuwonongeka kwa okusayidi ndi imfa anatipatsira mu zopezera nthambi.

Kuyambira kusungunuka cryolite ofotokoza osungunula aluminiyamu achitsulo, amene ali wolemera kwambiri kuposa ndi electrolyte mchere unayikidwa pa khala maziko kusamba. Ndi nthawi anasamutsidwa.

ndondomeko kupanga zotayidwa amafuna lalikulu magetsi mowa mphamvu. Kupeza tani imodzi zotayidwa ku aluminiyamu, m'pofunika amathera maola 13.500 kWh ya DC magetsi. Choncho, chikhalidwe china kwa chilengedwe cha malo lalikulu mafakitale ndi kugwira ntchito limodzi ndi wamphamvu amagetsi.

zotayidwa kuyenga

The njira odziwika bwino kwambiri - atatu wosanjikiza electrolysis. Komanso chikuchitika mu osambira electrolysis ndi khala moto alimbane ndi magnesite. The anode mu njira yokha akutumikira monga chitsulo chosungunuka, lomwe ndi kutsukidwa. Iwo lili wosanjikiza pansi pa moto ndi conductive. Koyera zotayidwa, kumene electrolyte uli kusungunuka mu anodic wosanjikiza, ndipo anamvetsa mpaka cathode. Panopa umaperekedwa thereto kudzera ndi graphite elekitirodi.

The electrolyte mu wapakatikati wosanjikiza - ndi zotayidwa fluoride kapena woyera kapena ndi Kuwonjezera wa sodium kolorayidi ndi barium. Iwo usavutike 800 ° C kutentha.

magetsi pa atatu wosanjikiza kuyenga ndi 20 kWh pa makilogalamu zitsulo, i.e. tani imodzi muyenera 20 zikwi KW * h. Ndicho chifukwa, ngati palibe yopanga zitsulo, zotayidwa amafuna osati gwero la mphamvu ya magetsi, ndi lalikulu magetsi m'deralo.

The zotayidwa woyengeka zedi ochepa lili chitsulo, pakachitsulo, mkuwa, nthaka, titaniyamu ndi magnesium.

Pambuyo yoyenga, zotayidwa kukonzedwa mu mankhwala malonda. Izi ingot ndi waya, ndi pepala, ndi ingots.

tsankho mankhwala akamagwira kuyenga, mu gawo, monga precipitate olimba, ntchito deoxidation, ndi kuwonjezera pang'ono mu maonekedwe a njira soda.

Mwamtheradi zotayidwa koyera kamapangikira wotsatira zitsulo zone kusungunuka mu mpweya inert kapena kuyamwa. Mbali chopambana madutsidwe ake okwezeka a ku kutentha cryogenic.

Yobwezeretsanso zipangizo sekondale yaiwisi

A kotala akufunika okwana kwa zotayidwa anakumana yobwezeretsanso zipangizo. Pa zinthu recyclable umayenda nkhungu kuponyera.

zipangizo Pre-anasungunuka yaiwisi zosankhidwa mu pakhomo ng'anjo. M'menemo muli zitsulo ndi apamwamba limatsogolera mfundo kuposa zotayidwa Mwachitsanzo, faifi tambala ndi chitsulo. Chifukwa zotayidwa lamkuwa ndi chlorine kapena asafe yoyeretsa amachotsa zosiyanasiyana inclusions sanali zachitsulo.

More fusible zitsulo zosafunika amachotsedwa dopants magnesium, nthaka, kapena Mercury ndi kuthawa. Mankhwala enaake a chlorine atachotsedwa Sungunulani.

The anakonzeratu kuponyera aloyi analandira mwa kuyambitsa zina zimene anatsimikiza mtima zikuchokera zitsulo zotayidwa chosungunula.

malo yopanga zitsulo zotayidwa

Kumbali ya mowa zotayidwa China a pachikhalidwe choyamba, kusiya utsalira mu malo chachiwiri ndi US ndi mwini wake wa malo lachitatu Germany.

China - Dziko ndi yopanga zitsulo zotayidwa, ndi malire lonse akutsogolereni mderali.

Pamwamba khumi, kupatula China, ndi Russia, Canada, UAE, India, USA, Australia, Norway, Brazil ndi Bahrain.

The monopolist Russian kupanga aluminiyamu ndi zotayidwa ndi kuphatikiza kampani RUSAL. Amalima matani 4 miliyoni a zotayidwa pachaka ndi zogulitsa kunja mankhwala m'mayiko makumi asanu ndi alipo m'maiko asanu m'mayiko khumi.

American kampani Alcoa mwini awiri zomera zitsulo mu Russia.

Sewerolo zotayidwa waukulu mu China - kampani Chalco. Mosiyana ndi mpikisano yachilendo, onse katundu wake wambiri dziko kunyumba.

Hydro Aluminiyamu gulu la Norway kampani Norsk hydro mwini smelters zotayidwa mu Norway, Germany, Slovakia, Canada, ndi Australia.

Australia BHP Billiton mwini yopanga zitsulo zotayidwa ku Australia, South Africa ndi South America.

Bahrain ndi Alba (Aluminiyamu Bahrain BSC) - mwina yopanga kwambiri zikuluzikulu. sewerolo zotayidwa kuti amatenga oposa 2% buku okwana zitsulo "mapiko" opangidwa mu dziko.

Choncho, Polongosola mwachidule, tikhoza kunena kuti zotayidwa opanga yaikulu makampani mayiko ndi nkhokwe ya bauxite. Ndi chokha mphamvu yambiri ndondomeko tichipeza kupeza aluminiyamu ku fluorides yopanga zitsulo zotayidwa miyala, monga cryolite, mpweya anode phala ndi mpweya anode, cathode, zipangizo kumalumikiza, ndi choyenera electrolytic yopanga zitsulo wangwiro umene ndi chigawo chachikulu cha zotayidwa ndi zitsulo.