Zotayidwa miyala: zanga, migodi

Makampani ano, bauxite ndiyo anafuna-pambuyo zopangira. Kukula mofulumira sayansi walola kukuza kuchuluka kwa tanthauzo lake. Kodi ndi miyala zotayidwa, ndi kumene amapangidwa - limafotokoza nkhani imeneyi.

mtengo Industrial zotayidwa

Zotayidwa ndi zitsulo wamba. Ndi nambala ya madipoziti, iye pachikhalidwe wachitatu mu matanthwe a. Zotayidwa amadziwika onse komanso mchitidwe mu tebulo nthawi limene limafotokoza kuti chitsulo kuwala.

Zotayidwa miyala - masoka zopangira imene zitsulo analandira. Kwenikweni izo yotengedwa bauxite, amene ali okusayidi zotayidwa (aluminiyamu) mu kuchuluka yaikulu - kuchokera 28 mpaka 80%. Mitundu ina - alunite, nepheline, nepheline-apatite ndi ntchito monga chuma yaiwisi kupanga zotayidwa, koma ali ndi koipa quality, ndipo muli zayamba zochepa aluminiyamu.

Mu zitsulo sanali akakhala zotayidwa, izo pachikhalidwe choyamba. mfundo ndi yakuti chifukwa makhalidwe ake, ntchito zambiri mafakitale. Choncho, zitsulo ntchito zoyendera injini, makampani ma CD, kumanga ndi kupanga katundu osiyanasiyana ogula. Komanso, zitsulo zotayidwa chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zomangamanga magetsi.

Kuti timvetse kufunika zotayidwa anthu, yang'anani zokwanira wamba ife ntchito tsiku lililonse. Ambiri m'banja zinthu zopangidwa zotayidwa ziwalo kwa zipangizo zamagetsi (refrigerators, makina ochapira, etc ...), Mbale, zida masewera, alendo, mkati zinthu. Zotayidwa kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ulimi wa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma CD. Mwachitsanzo, zitini kapena muli wa zojambulazo disposable.

Mitundu ya zotayidwa ores

Zotayidwa ali zoposa 250 mchere. Awa, ndi lofunika kwambiri kwa makampani ndi bauxite, nepheline ndi alunite. Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

bauxite miyalayo

Mu chikhalidwe, wangwiro zotayidwa zimachokeradi. Kwenikweni chifukwa amapangidwa kuchokera miyala zotayidwa - bauxite. mchere imeneyi, yomwe makamaka tichipeza hydroxide zotayidwa, komanso chitsulo ndi pakachitsulo oxides. Chifukwa zili zazikulu za aluminiyamu (40 60%) ntchito bauxite monga chuma yaiwisi kupanga zotayidwa.

The thupi katundu wa miyala zotayidwa:

• opaque mchere ofiira ndi imvi mu mithunzi osiyanasiyana;
• kuuma kwa toyesa zamphamvu 6 pa Mohs 'lonse;
• kachulukidwe bauxite, malingana mipweya zimasiyanasiyana mu osiyanasiyana 2900-3500 makilogalamu / m³.

Miyala ya miyala bauxite ali anaikira mu n'kupita kunyanja ndi otentha a dziko lapansi. madipoziti achikulire zili Russia.

Monga aumbike bauxite zotayidwa miyalayo

Bauxite aumbike ku aluminiyamu hydrate monohydrate, boehmite ndi diaspore, trehvodnogo hydrate - hydrargillite hydroxides ndi mchere okhudzana ndi chitsulo okusayidi.

Malinga zikuchokera prirodoobrazuyuschih zinthu kusiyanitsa magulu atatu miyala bauxite:

1. Monohydrate bauxite - munali aluminiyamu monohydrate mawonekedwe.
2. Trigidratnye - mchere amenewa lapangidwa ndi aluminiyamu mu mawonekedwe trehvodnoy.
3. Wothira - Gulu limapangidwa osakaniza yapita miyala zotayidwa.

Madipoziti anapanga zopangira chifukwa weathering mitundu asidi, soda, ndi zina zazikuru kapena ku mafunsidwe pang'onopang'ono pansi pa nyanja komanso nyanja yambiri aluminiyamu.

alunite miyalayo

Mtundu wa posungira lili mpaka 40% aluminiyamu. Alunite miyala aumbike mwa mabeseni madzi ndi malo m'mphepete mwa nyanja pansi Madziwo kwambiri ndi zochitika paphirilo. Chitsanzo cha madipoziti ngati - Zaglinskoe nyanja ku Caucasus Wamng'ono.

Porous thanthwe. Advantageously izo limapangidwa hydromicas ndi kaolinites. Industrial chidwi alunite zili miyala kuposa 50%.

nepheline

Izi zotayidwa miyala magmatic chiyambi. Ndi holocrystalline zamchere miyala. Malinga ndi kapangidwe processing mwa zinthu zamakono kusiyanitsa mitundu yambiri ya miyala nepheline:

• Maphunziro I - 60-90% nepheline; muli oposa 25% ya aluminiyamu; Yobwezeretsanso ikuchitika ndi sintering;
• Maphunziro II - 40-60% nepheline, pang'ono m'munsi kuchuluka kwa aluminiyamu - 22-25%; chofunika patsogolo pa processing;
• chachitatu kalasi - nepheline mchere, yopanda phindu malonda.

World yopanga zitsulo zotayidwa ores

Choyamba zotayidwa miyala ncho mu zoyambirira za m'ma XIX kum'mwera-kum'mawa France, pafupi ndi mudzi wa Bokosi. Choncho, ngati dzina la bauxite lapansi. Poyamba, makampani anayamba pang'onopang'ono. Koma pamene anthu ali ofunika, zimene bauxite zothandiza kupanga, kuchuluka kwa ntchito zotayidwa awonjezera kwambiri. M'mayiko ambiri ayamba kufufuza m'magawo madipoziti awo madipoziti. Choncho, kupanga dziko la zotayidwa ores anayamba pang'onopang'ono kuonjezera. Umboni wa zimenezi ndi chiwerengero. Choncho, mu 1913, buku lonse ncho miyalayo inali matani 540, kenako mu 2014 godu -. Matani oposa 180 miliyoni.

Komanso pang'onopang'ono kuchuluka chiwerengero cha mayiko amene mudameretsa zotayidwa miyala. Pakali pano, pali 30. Koma m'zaka 100 zapitazi, mayiko akuluakulu ndi m'zigawo zikusintha. Kotero, pachiyambi cha m'ma XX, atsogoleri a dziko kupanga miyala zotayidwa ndi kupanga ake anali North America ndi Ulaya. zigawo ziwiri izi nkhani 98% ya ulimi padziko lonse. Patapita zaka zingapo mwa mawu a kuchuluka kwa atsogoleri makampani zotayidwa akhala mayiko a kum'mawa kwa Ulaya, Latin America ndi Soviet Union. Ndipo mtsogoleri 1950-1960-ntchentche mu kukula kupanga wakhala Latin America. Ndipo mu zaka 1980-1990. panali yojambula mofulumira mu zotayidwa makampani ku Australia ndi Africa. Mu Masiku ano padziko lonse lalikulu kutsogolera mayiko kupanga zotayidwa ndi Australia, Brazil, China, Guinea, Jamaica, India, Russia, Suriname, Venezuela ndi Greece.

Miyalayo madipoziti ku Russia

Pakuti zotayidwa miyala kupanga buku Russia ndi pachikhalidwe chiwiri mu masanjidwe dziko. Ngakhale munda wa zotayidwa ores mu Russia kupereka zitsulo lalikulu zedi, si chokwanira kwathunthu mafakitale. Choncho, boma amakakamizidwa kugula bauxite m'mayiko ena.

Total mu Russia ili 50 madipoziti miyala. Izi zikuphatikizapo monga malo mchere ncho, ndipo sunayambe madipoziti.

Ambiri nkhokwe ya miyala ili mu gawo Loona za dziko. Apa zili Sverdlovsk, Arkhangelsk, Belgorod dera, mu Republic Komi. Madera onsewa muli 70% ya nkhokwe za dziko kutsimikiziridwa miyala.

Zotayidwa ndi ncho mu Russia ores akadali mu zaka madipoziti bauxite. Madera amenewa anafotokoza Radynskoe kumunda dera Leningrad. Komanso, chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa zipangizo Russia amagwiritsa ena madipoziti zotayidwa miyala yodziwika ndi madipoziti osauka mchere khalidwe. Koma iwonso ali oyenera zolinga mafakitale. Mwachitsanzo, mu Russia amapangidwa mu lalikulu zedi nepheline ores zimene zili zotheka kupeza zotayidwa.