Zamoyo wa padziko lonse ndalama machitidwe mwachidule. Magawo a zamoyo wa dongosolo lonse ndalama

Zamoyo wa kachitidwe ndalama lonse imatsogoleredwa ntchito ubereki. Amaonekera mwa magawo zikuluzikulu za chitukuko osati wa dziko komanso chuma cha dziko. Nthawi zina, mfundo ya dziko lapansi ndalama akuyamba kutsutsa dongosolo la zachuma, si zogwirizana ndi kugawa chuma pakati matawuni akuluakulu. Zimenezi zimabweretsa mavuto MFR. Ndalama zotsutsana uka chifukwa cha sanali kugwilizana mfundo structural wa limagwirira padziko lonse kusintha zinthu kupanga malonda ndi kufalitsa mphamvu mu dziko. Zamoyo a dongosolo lonse ndalama, umene mwachidule olembedwa pansipa, anatsimikiza ndi zosowa za chuma dziko ndi lonse, kusintha muyezo wa makamu. Only kusinthasintha ndi masiyanidwe, luso atengere vuto la zida za chuma, ndipo linapereka maziko kuli ndi chitukuko cha anthu masiku ano.

zinthu Main: zamoyo za dongosolo lonse ndalama

MBC wagonjetsedwa njira yaminga mapangidwe ake pamaso kutenga mtundu ano. M'mbiri yake lonse la chitukuko cha mfundo dongosolo anasintha zina 4, limodzi ndi chigamulo zogwirizana wa msonkhano wa mayiko osiyanasiyana. Pansi kusintha dzina la kapangidwe lokha, limene limayamba kuti agwirizane dzina la mzinda umene msonkhano unachitikira.

Taganizirani magawo a zamoyo wa dongosolo lonse ndalama:

• Dongosolo Paris mu 1867, chotchedwa "muyeso wa golide". Pakuti aliyense ndalama dziko linali ankaikira okhutira golide, potengera zomwe anali umasinthanitsidwa ndalama zina kapena golide. Panali akuyandama mlingo kuwombola.
• dongosolo Genoese mu 1922, chotchedwa "golide kuwombola muyezo". Kuwonjezera nkhokwe za golide, aliyense ndalama zili ndi ndalama dziko kutsogolera chuma dziko, makamaka British mapaundi chabwino.
• Dongosolo Bretton Woods mu 1944, chotchedwa "muyezo dollar". A chofunika mapangidwe dongosolo wakhala akuchita kukula kwa America mu nthawi unawonongedwa. Gold lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito zingapo zochepa.
• dongosolo Monetary ndi 1976 - zaka 78, lotchedwa "zovomerezedwa ndi miyeso wapadera kukongoza." CRA anachita chuma mtundu (apadera kulemba nkhani za IMF). Mawu oyamba a SDR chifukwa chilakolako cha mayiko onse kuti akalandire kukhazikika mu mawonekedwe a midzi lonse.

"The Standard Gold"

Zamoyo wa kachitidwe ndalama lonse anayamba ndi "muyeso wa golide" imene unathandizira kuchokera 1867 mpaka 20s kwa zaka za m'ma 20. Mapangidwe kapangidwe ndalama zambiri lachibadwa. The kutsogolera chachikulu kwa MBC Paris anali ngati mafakitale cha m'ma 19 bwereza muyeso wa golide wa malonda. Makhalidwe waukulu wa zachuma anali otsatirawa:

• Amodzi golide zolimba za ndalama dziko.
• Udindo wa njira chilengedwe malipiro ndi dziko ndalama anakwaniritsa golide.
• Banknotes umuna CB anasintha golide popanda chiletso. Pa mtima wamalonda anali parities golide. The kupatuka a mlingo kuwombola analola mkati parities la ndalama, amene anapanga mlingo amodzi.
• Mu magalimoto lonse, pamodzi ndi golide anazindikira mapaundi.
• Mkati, ndalama okwanira mu mzere ndi nkhokwe za golide wa boma, lomwe basi zonse bwino malipiro kuyitanitsa limati.
• Chosowa bwino malipiro chidafundidwa ndi golide.
• Pakati States anali ufulu kayendedwe ka golide.

Mbali imeneyi ya chitukuko si bwino kwambiri, si pamwamba, amene anafika m'kupita zamoyo wa dongosolo lonse ndalama. dongosolo Paris ndalama anadwala sanali kugwilizana ndi malamulo a padziko lonse ophunzira msika chuma. Otaya golide pakati pa mayiko si mmene zinalili m'mbuyomu. England anagwirizira udindo wa boma mkulu chuma, zonse osati banki chidwi komanso otaya golide. Chifukwa chachikulu kukula bwino za "muyeso wa golide" si nchito zake monga dongosolo, komanso mwadongosolo chitukuko cha chuma dziko mu nthawi prewar.

"Gold kuwombola muyezo"

Magawo a zamoyo wa dongosolo lonse ndalama monga ulamuliro wa "golide kuwombola muyezo" kumene kunachitika kuyambira mu 1922 mpaka zaka 30. Pambuyo First World nkhondo anali wotopa palokha ndipo zonse unagona yachilendo zachuma pakati pa maiko awiri anabwezeretsedwa, pakufunika kupanga MBC latsopano. Pa msonkhano, funso analeredwa Genoa kuti m'mayiko capitalist si golide wokwanira zonse unagona mu gawo la kuthetsa yachilendo malonda ndi ntchito zina. Kuwonjezera golide, ndipo ndi mapaundi British , anaganiza kuti apereke US dola. ndalama ziwiri atenga pa udindo wa zida mayiko malipiro ndipo analandira udindo Mwambi. System anatenga Germany ndi Australia, Denmark ndi Norway. Malinga ndi mfundo zake za dongosolo ndi pafupifupi kwathunthu mogwirizana ndi kuloŵedwa m'malo, dongosolo Paris. Gold parities anali anakhalabe, ndi udindo wa ndalama dziko linali likadali anapatsidwa golide. Zamoyo wa kachitidwe ndalama padziko lonse kwachititsa kuti ena banknotes dziko sizinasinthe golide ndi ndalama zina, amatchedwa Mwambi kuti ndiye yekha umasinthanitsidwa bullion golide.

Mapangidwe ndi wodalira loyamba

dongosolo World ndalama ndi kusanduka awo, makamaka kukhazikitsidwa kwa "golide kuwombola muyezo", zinachititsa kuti pakhale wa wodalira woyamba wa mayiko ena pa zina. Panali akamagwiritsa ziwiri zokha dziko kuwombola ndalama golide. Izi ndi mwachindunji, anafuna mapaundi ndi madola, amene ankaimba udindo wa mawu, kapena kudzera m'njira zina, kwa ndalama zina mu dongosolo. Mu ichi Consolidated MBC ntchito yoyandama mlingo kuwombola. Pogwiritsa ntchito kuwombola yachilendo alowererepo, mafuko a mdziko anali akuyenera kuthandiza dziko chilichonse kaya ndalama zolakwika. Ndi kufalitsa nkhokwe kuwombola yachilendo pakati limati anapanga maziko a mapangidwe ubale.

Gold kuwombola muyezo Sipanatenge nthawi yaikulu MBC. Pambuyo pothetsa mavuto mu 1929 - 1922 zaka, dongosolo wakhala inawonongedwa. Kale mu 1931, United Kingdom kwathunthu amasiya golide muyezo ndi devalued ndi mapaundi chabwino. Motero, mayiko a ku Ulaya, kuphatikizapo India, ku Iguputo ndiponso Malaysia, panali kugwa kwa ndalama ya fuko chifukwa ubwenzi wolimba ndi Great Britain chuma. Mu 1936, golide muyezo anasiya Japan ndi France. Mu 1933, ku America, mu kukanidwa yomweyi nzeru zolemba pa golide, icho analetsedwa katundu kunja ndi wotsiriza zinachitika dollar devaluation pa dongosolo la 41%. Nthawiyi, ndilo zamoyo wa machitidwe ndalama lonse adzakumbukira kwa nthawi yaitali, izo zakhala mfundo ya kusintha kwa kufalitsidwa ndalama za Fiat ndalama golide, mwa kulankhula kwina, ndalama ngongole.

"Ndalama muyezo"

M'tawuni ya Bretton Woods mu 1944 pa msonkhano wa mayiko osiyanasiyana anasonkhana mayiko 44. mayikowo anagwirizana pa mapangidwe dongosolo korellirovannyh mitengo kuwombola chosinthika mtundu. Kachitidwe wakhalapo kwa 1976 kuti 1944. makhalidwe Aika ndi:

• Udindo wa ndalama dziko anapita golide. Kufanana ndalama ntchito monga dollar ndi mapaundi.
• Anapanga mabungwe azachuma padziko lonse monga International Monetary Fund (IMF) ndi World Bank kwa kumanganso ndiponso Development (IBRD). Ntchito yaikulu ya gulu ndi kuti zonse unagona chuma pakati pa dziko lapansi ndi la phungu States. Onse membala IMF ali basi ankaimba kukhala membala wa bungwe la World Bank.
• Anayambitsa dongosolo la mlingo chosinthika, zomwe zimathandiza kuti mwina kusunga ndalama posinthana pa mlingo chomwecho, kapena kuchepetsa mwa dongosolo isanafike ndi IMF. Izo zinakonzedwa kukhazikitsa mitengo pa mlingo kuti mukwanitse States mosavuta kukhala chifukwa ubwino malonda ndi likulu spillover. Ngati ndi kosatheka kuti litsatira pulogalamuyi, ndikusinthidwa maphunziro.
• Msomali dola ndi golidi. Zamoyo za padziko ndalama (mwachidule m'nkhani iyi) kwachititsa chakuti mayiko onse ndafuna nkhokwe dollar. Yoyenera kuchita posinthanitsa ndi chitsulo chabwinocho anali kokha America pa $ 35 pa nusu. The zina States Member tinalengeza ndalama zawo golidi madola, kuwathandiza ndi kugula kapena kugulitsa madola omwewo monga mbali ya msika kuwombola yachilendo.
• Mapangidwe nkhokwe mayiko a Fund a. Reserve chopereka chilichonse boma Mzimuyo buku la malonda ndi chofanana 1/4 la golide kapena ndalama 3/4 la ndalama dziko. Kuti chiwerengero cha thumba mwachindunji zimadalira kuchuluka kololeka kwa ndalama zakunja ngongole ku IMF.

zinthu zili m'dzikoli pa "mfundo dollar"

Zamoyo a dongosolo lonse ndalama, sipangakhalenso mwachidule chitsanzo cha mfundo ofala nthawi, zinachititsa chakuti pa "mfundo dollar" malangizo a chitukuko cha chuma dziko anayamba kufunsa State "zazikulu zisanu ndi ziwiri". Iwo nkhani za 44,8% ya mavoti onse. America zokwana 18% ndi Russia - 2.8%. Izi anapanga peculiarity kuti America ndi ena "zisanu ndi ziwiri" States akhoza kuchita mwachindunji pa kuvomereza kapena kukana lingaliro lililonse. Popeza Kubwera kwa dongosolo lino lakhala allocated mokwanira wambirimbiri chuma thupi pa chitukuko cha nambala yaikulu ya mayiko.

Zamoyo za dongosolo lonse ndalama: Kapangidwe ka ngongole tebulo pa "mfundo dollar"

Ngakhale lonjezo la dongosolo, izo sizinakhalitse chifukwa kusiyana zenizeni za chuma cha dziko la dziko. dongosolo Start kuwonongeka anapereka akusowa malipiro dongosolo la America, amene kuiulutsa madola monga malo ndalama lonse. Ndi 1986, US kunja kuchepekedwa anali wofanana ndi madola 1 biliyoni. Ngakhale kulolerana za nkhaniyi, chodabwitsa ndi zotsatirapo zake. Mu 1971, Pulezidenti Nixon akukana msomali ndalama dziko ndi golide, monga kampani amafuna devaluation la ndalama, ndipo ayamba kugula golide kuti America, malinga ndi mukukwaniritsa, anakakamizika kugulitsa. Ndalama anamasulidwa tiwolokere momasuka nthawi ya "muyezo dollar" ndi kutopa kotheratu.

"Standard wapadera kukongoza miyeso"

Zamoyo za padziko ndalama, limafotokozedwa mwachidule mu funso m'nkhani chiyani chilili, ndipo m'malo "muyezo dollar" kubwera "mitsuko muyezo kukongoza wapadera." Iye analandira mu nthawi kuchokera 1976 mpaka 1978, ndipo chimagwiritsidwa ntchito lero. Makhalidwe chachikulu cha zinthu zotsatirazi tinganene kuti kachitidwe ndalama ku Jamaica:

• Major kusiyidwa wa muyeso wa golide.
• Demonetization wa golide yokhala atsopano. Udindo wa zitsulo amtengo wapatali ngati opanda dziko la malipiro.
• Pa golide parities aletse.
• mabanki chapakati atasunga yoyenera kugula ndi kugulitsa golidi monga mankhwala muyezo mtengo anatsimikiza msika ufulu.
• Kukhazikitsidwa kwa muyezo SDR, amene angagwiritsidwe ntchito monga ndalama dziko, koma ntchito monga maziko kuwerengetsa mitengo kuwombola, boma chuma. CRA amagwira ntchito midzi mayiko-mtundu likuvutika zolemba nkhani ndi monga gulu la Nkhani za IMF.
• Udindo wa ndalama malo, dola US adapindulapo ndi chizindikiro German, ndi mapaundi chabwino ndi Franc Swiss, Japanese yen ndi French Franc.
• Kusinthanitsa kwa ndalama ndi kuyandama, aumbike mwa kundipatsako ndi kufunika mu ndalama msika.
• States ali ndi ufulu kukhazikitsa mode kwa ndalama dziko.
• Mafelemu kusinthasintha ndalama si ankalamulira.
• Mapangidwe mayunitsi chatsekedwa wa ndalama mtundu, amene ankaona kuti gulu IMF, anakhala malamulo. A chitsanzo chapadera cha gulu la maphunziro - ndi European Monetary System (PITIRIRA ZITATU).

Dongosolo lonse ndalama: zake kusanduka osalunjika mtundu

World dongosolo ndalama mu dongosolo la maonekedwe awo zinachititsa kuti pakhale wa European Monetary System, yomwe imateteza akonzedwa ubale zachuma ndi nkhani kugwira ntchito ndalama national mkati kuphatikiza European zachuma. EMU - ndi ovuta chigawo chimodzi cha MBC lonse. Kapangidwe tichipeza zigawo zitatu:

• ECU muyezo anatengera mu 1979, amene anafotokozedwa njira yatsopano ya malo ECU, yomwe imateteza tandem mtundu wa 12 ndalama European.
• Free akuyandama zolakwika mlingo kuchokera osiyanasiyana mkati 15%, onse m'mwamba kunsi. Anapanga limagwirira mitengo kuwombola zikunena.

Chongopeka mwa kuwerengera mayunitsi a mtundu SDR ndi ECU sangathe ntchito monga ndalama weniweni akuwuka chifukwa cha kuphatikiza angapo a mayiko. Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1999, mayiko 11 mwa 15 adapangana kuti oyamba mu makope ndalama limodzi - yuro. Kale mu 2002, dziko, amene anapereka chilolezo kwa kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndalama watsopano umene Sasankhana mu dera European ndi kwathunthu anasiya ndalama zake.

Kodi ndi muyezo ayenera kukumana ophunzira za "zone yuro"?

Evolution a dongosolo lonse ndalama, mwa ndondomeko kuchuluka amene takambirana pamwambapa, ali ndi dongosolo liniya. Nthambi anakhala EMU mwina agwirizane dziko lililonse padziko lapansi, umene azikumana i:

• Kuwonjezeka kufufuma m'dziko sayenera oposa 1.5% kuposa ubwino wa ntchito zofanana pa gawo la maiko atatuwa ndi kuwonjezeka osachepera mtengo wa katundu.
• The kuchepekedwa bajeti mu dziko ayenera kukhala osachepera 3% ya GDP.
• ngongole Public ayenera kukhala mkati 60% ya GDP.
• Mlingo wa ndalama dziko kwa zaka 2 ndisawoloke aja anapereka kwa EBU miyezo (+/- 15%).

dongosolo Monetary achilendo mayiko olemera, asaaonerera osati ndalama malipiro wotuluka, komanso mkati utuluke ndalama. Izi ndi njira othandiza kwambiri mu dziko lero. Pa nthawi yomweyo, zamoyo a dongosolo lonse ndalama ndi mavuto masiku ano kumagwirizana kuyambira chiyambi chake kuchokera ku gwero lina.

MFS Kulumikizana ndi machitidwe dziko zachuma

Zamoyo za padziko ndalama, amene takambirana mwachidule m'nkhani ino anayamba dongosolo zokha ukugwirira ntchito potengera nkhokwe za golide, ndipo pang'onopang'ono modernized mu dongosolo akulimbana ndi kulamulira, ozikidwa pa pepala-ngongole chuma. Kukula kwa MBC ndi kuponda pa sitepe, ndi osiyanasiyana zaka 10, ndi magawo lalikulu la mapangidwe nyumba national ndalama. Kapangidwe ndalama ndi yosintha kuchokera ndalama muyeso wa golide mu bullion golide pa chuma zoweta, ndiye mu kuwombola golide, ndipo anafika dongosolo pepala-ngongole, kumene udindo waukulu uli kuthokoza maofesi.

Tiyeni chiwerengero chonse linali la ndalama dongosolo lonse. Tebulo pamwamba adzalola kuti tifufuza magawo waukulu kusanduka.