Ulendo Khrushchev kwa US mu 1959. mfundo Historical

"Ine Ndaitanira yekha!" - ndi maina aulemu TV American ikutchedwa ulendo wawo woyamba N. S. Hruscheva ku United States. Tsiku la kwambiri zokambirana lonse, chifukwa palibe amene simukanati mulingalire ndiye kuti chinachake chonga ichi chikhoza kuchitika. The United States ndi Soviet Union - mdani nambala wani pa nthawi, wokonzeka kuononga mzake ndi kunyanyala nyukiliya nthawi iliyonse. Ulendo Khrushchev kwa US (1959) mwachidule kutchulidwa m'chiganizo chimodzi: chimodzi-munthu amasonyeza imene Khrushchev zatenganso mbali kutsogolo kwa omvetsera American. Ife kulongosola mwatsatanetsatane wathu Nkhani mmene zimenezi zinachitikira.

US ndi ubwenzi Soviet madzulo a Ulendo

Owerenga masiku ano nkomwe kumvetsa chomwe anali paulendo woyamba wa Khrushchev ku United States. Chaka - 1959, patangotsala kuti, pa Twentieth Party Congress mu 1953, analengeza kuti zikukhalira wa dziko lotsatira nkhondo.

Mu 1956, boma la Soviet Union analengeza latsopano asilikali chiphunzitso - kugwiritsa ntchito Unyinji wa mphamvu nyukiliya ndi chida mu nkhondoyo.

Mu 1957, dziko lathu wakhala yoyamba intercontinental ballistic chida. Chochitika basi kwambiri chachikulucho cha dziko lonse ndi US makamaka: America akukhala pa dziko lina, iwo ndi madera akutali ku dziko lonse, asilikali ndi bulu molondola kuwateteza ku mokwiya aliyense, mantha a Pearl Harbor, kupyolera, mfundo zosiyanasiyana, wamba America pambuyo mchigonjetso dziko nkhondo II sitikayikira kuti aliyense mu dziko sangathenso kungasokoneze chitetezo. Inde, USSR ndi United States zida za nyukiliya amene angathe kuwononga dziko, koma ndi mawonekedwe a mabomba yaikulu ndi zotsatira akuwononga kugonja. mabomba awa ofunikabe kupulumutsa ndegeyo kumalire a US ndi dambo kumeneko. Imayenera American mpweya chitetezo dongosolo, ndiko zapansi panyanja mu United States inkakhala mizinga, sitima, ndege onyamula, womenya Jets ndi zina. Bwezerani bomba la nyukiliya kwa America zinkaoneka ngati zosatheka. Ndiye kubwera m'manyuzipepala onse manyuzipepala kuti mu USSR panali roketi chachikulu, amatha kulikonse mu dziko kupha pa mtima wa New York, m'mene anafika pa msinkhu mumangire kwa mpweya chitetezo. Iwo likukhalira kuti American chitetezo chishango analenga kwa zaka zambiri, sizidzakupulumutsani ku United States kuchokera ku chiwawa. M'mayiko Capitalist Inabuka mkhalidwe mantha kuopa kuopseza "openga Russian" - mawu awa tapita atolankhani Western a nthawi.

Ndipo ili ndi nthawi yovuta kwa dziko Western lofalitsidwa lipoti kuti posachedwapa kuchitika choyamba wochezeka ulendo wa Khrushchev ku United States. deti limeneli unkachitika monga holide, amene anapereka chiyembekezo kwa anthu a ku America kuti mwina Russian osati monga "kupenga" monga iwo ankaimira atolankhani kale, ndipo sadzawononga West wina kuponya nyukiliya ballistic mivi.

pempho

Khrushchev yoyamba Tinapita ku USA zinachitika chifukwa cha pempho la US pulezidenti Eisenhower. Last ankadziwa kuti mtsogoleri Soviet anali ndi chidwi chikhalidwe Western ndi chuma, monga kale anati kusiyana zachuma ndi US Soviet Union.

The demonization la Soviet Union, atolankhani Western anatenga patsogolo pang'ono ka nthawi. Khrushchev mu zaka zoyambirira za ulamuliro wake kuyesera kuti ndizicheza ndi maiko capitalist, anafuna "mwamtendere azikhala nawo." Komabe, n'zotheka latsopano nkhondo padziko lonse, mlembi wamkulu akadali salamulidwa, monga izo zinali patali opusa, ndi anakumbukira bwino maphunziro a mbiri, komanso chinyengo cha zokambirana Western.

Cholinga cha kuitana

Pulezidenti Eisenhower ankafuna kuthetsa udindo wa Berlin, monga atsogoleri Soviet ali salinso kupita kulekerera ndi "utakhala zone" mu mzinda. Ku Zone Soviet la Germany analenga boma latsopano - German Democratic Republic - ndi likulu lake mu Berlin. Kupirira mu mzinda uno, "kukhalapo capitalists ndi" utsogoleri wathu sanafune. Mu kasupe ndi chilimwe cha 1959, nkhani inachitika atumiki zakunja Geneva, koma iwo analephera.

pempho panokha kuti ulendo Khrushchev kwa United States of America anabweretsedwa kuchokera wachiwiri kwa nduna ya USSR wapampando wa Frol Kozlov, amene anapita ku kutsegula kwa chionetserocho Soviet.

"Ndimavomereza, poyamba Ine sadakhulupirire. Mugone athu anali atasemphana kuti kuitana kwa mutakawachezera mutu wa boma la Soviet ndi Mlembi Choyamba ndi CPSU Committee chapakati anali osaneneka! "- Nikita Khrushchev ananena.

Makina American komanso hadapikhulupire tayu, koma posakhalitsa panali zinthu zimene kuika chirichonse mu malo ake: Purezidenti Eisenhower analangiza wantchito wa Dipatimenti ya boma (US ya unduna okhonda) Robertu Merfi pochitika Kozlov kuitana kwa ulendo Khrushchev kwa US. Ulendo choyambilira anali kukhala zomwe atsogoleri Soviet Union adapangana pa pangano Geneva pa za tsogolo la Berlin pa mawu American. Komabe, Murphy anaiwala kutchula za chikhalidwe ichi, ndi Khrushchev mosayembekezeka moti Eisenhower anavomera.

Ngati timamasulira ili ku chinenero zamtendere mwakale, ndiye ife tidzatenga zotsatirazi: America ayenera kusunga malo awo mu Berlin, koma Geneva, oimira wathu akana maganizo awo onse. Kenako Anayesa kukonza mtsogoleri US Khrushchev, mwaumbanda kupanga zimasonyeza kuti Mlembi General wathu, akupempha kuti mutakawachezera. M'nkhani ya adziwitse Cold nkhondo, kuitanidwa ziyenera anakana komabe ena kumaliseche muzichita. Komabe, Khrushchev ndi sizimadziwika ndi expressiveness onse mu ndondomeko zoweta ndi achilendo. Iye anavomera ndi mawu akuti: "Chabwino, ndiye Ndikhala pali sabata kapena awiri." Eisenhower sakanachitira mwina koma kugwirizana kwa izo.

Kodi kuonetsetsa chitetezo?

Khrushchev limene likudzalo Tinapita ku United States kunapezeka kuti mutu weniweni kwa Soviet apolisi. Adakhoza kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha wogwila pamwamba m'mayiko wochezeka mu Union. Koma chochita lankhanza dziko, kumene kanjira aliyense akhoza kukhala malo oopsa? Iwo sanadziwe izo, chifukwa panalibe zinachitikira zogwirizana.

Mamembala ena a nthumwi Soviet ndikufuna kuti ndikufunseni Achimereka kuti anaimika ndi trellis asilikali onyamula zida American panjira Khrushchev ku airfield asilikali mu zogona yoikidwayo.

Ena anakana chifukwa muyeso izi sichimachotsa pofuna ngati andale Western kusankha kupha mtsogoleri wa USSR. Pomaliza iwo anaganiza kuti m'pofunika kupatsa kuteteza mabungwe nzeru US, ndi kukhulupirira malonjezo a malamulo awo chitetezo.

Kodi kupeza US?

Tsopano zouluka ku mayiko ena amaona wamba, ndipo zaka makumi asanu zapitazo panalibe ndege ngati dziko lathu, zimene zingakhale kuchita popanda refueling ndege ku US ku USSR. Ndipo kunali kofunika chilichonse chinali kusonyeza West kuti dziko lathu ali ndi luso lamakono. Choncho tinaganiza kuti tipeze Lachiwiri 114 ndege - yekha pa nthawi lachitsanzo amatha kupanga ndege lokambirana dziko lathu mu Washington. vuto ndi chitsanzo ndi zisanathe anayesedwa, palibe amene akhoza mutsimikizira chitetezo cha anthu woyamba wa boma, kupatula munthu - mlengi Andrey Tupolev chitsanzo. Iye kungakupatseni kudalirika kwa ndegeyo, ndi monga umboni wa mawu ake anamuuza kuti mamembala a gulu la mwana wake Alexei. kusankha anapangidwa mokomera Lachiwiri 114.

Chifukwa Khrushchev anavomera paulendo?

Chifukwa chirichonse, iye anatenga ulendo Khrushchev kwa US? N'chifukwa chiyani mtsogoleri Soviet anavomera paulendowu? Ndipotu, Khrushchev anali ndi chikhulupiriro mu ubwino wa dongosolo zokomera ndipo ankakhulupirira kuti chigonjetso mbiri pa bizinesi pafupi kuchitika. Kale chiphunzitso boma anayamba kupanga, chimene "adzafika chikominisi mu m'badwo uno." Zolemba za njira chayandikira cha "paradise" ngakhale hollowed pa miyala ndi zipilala. Koma ngati nthawi zonse, chiphunzitso ichi sizichitika, ndi zolemba zonse achotsa mofulumira mu Mipingo ya atumwi wotsiriza. Komabe, ngakhale kuti si koma amadziwika ndi mtsogoleri Soviet anafuna kuona "aipa West" ndi maso ake.

Mlembi General monga kazitape?

Ena amakonda kukhulupirira kuti ulendo Khrushchev kwa US anayenera "Ndikamuone" kachitidwe kupikisana, monga intuitively zinaonekeratu kuti West sayansi patsogolo pathu wayamba. Eastern Europe anadziwa kale peresenti zana, ndipo mu 1956 panali zipolowe ku Hungary motsutsa chikomyunizimu. Othandiza a "maganizo plagiarism" monga mfundo zotsatira kuti Khrushchev sanali kupereka chidwi kwa kuyambitsa pano, amene anasonyeza andale Western, ndipo anayesera "chithunzithunzi" chirichonse "chinsinsi" chifukwa iye ankaganiza kuti zinthu zasonyezedwa America si nkhani ya masewera. Choncho, mtsogoleri wathu "wormed chinsinsi cha" Hamburger, hotdog, zodzichitira utumiki, yosungirako Selo ndege ndi pa kusiteshoni ndi chimanga.

Zonsezi pambuyo pake, ndipo Soviet Union. Hamburger ndipo otentha galu zifukwa maganizo, anadzatchedwa ndi "nkhumba mu mabulangete" ndi "kuwaza pa mayesowo," ndipo anthu Soviet ankakhulupirira kuti tinayambitsa izo. Ndipo chimanga ndi mtsogoleri wathu potsiriza "chikondi", kuganiza kuti anapeza ya El Dorado, chinsinsi cha kupambana kwa dziko capitalist pa famu ku Iowa. Kuti "chimanga Nkhani" Pa ulendo kulengedwa nthano kuti pali Khrushchev akuti anaganiza kuyesera wake ndi chikhalidwe. Ndipotu za misa ulimi kampeni kulima chimanga kunali kuyankhula pamaso pa ulendo. Khrushchev yekha ankakonda kuitana "corncob" ngakhale pamaso udindo wake udindo wapamwamba wa utsogoleri dziko ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri ntchito zosiyanasiyana oyamba misa ya chikhalidwe. Chifukwa cha ichi "chikondi" kwa masamba ichi chinali chifukwa chakuti mu 1949 anapulumutsa chimanga Chiyukireniya Soviet Republic ku lotsatira "njala" pamene Khrushchev anali mu malo a Mlembi General wa chipani cha mu dziko. M'madera ena a USSR anali akali ndi njala chifukwa kulephera kwa mbewu komanso kusowa nkhokwe. Komabe, ulendo Khrushchev kwa US mu 1959 definitively mizu mwa chikhulupiriro chake kuti chikhalidwe ndi mwamsanga kufunika kuti atchule mu USSR. Kenako, ulimi wathu analangidwa koopsa chifukwa choti masamba iyi, ndipo anthu Soviet wotembereredwa Mlembi General mu khitchini, munching zigumu m'malo mwa tirigu. M'pomveka kunena kuti lero Russian Ministry of Agriculture anavomereza zatsopano Nikita Khrushchev pa kumayambiriro a chimanga chuma cha dziko, monga kumawonjezera zokolola za ng'ombe ndi mkaka wa ng'ombe. Koma anavomereza kuti "si koyenera, ndithudi, zonse pa dziko kubzala chimanga."

Anadabwa loyamba

Ulendo Khrushchev kwa US zinachitika mu 1959 ndipo anali limodzi ndi zosiyanasiyana curiosities. Nthawi zina likukhalira kuti mtsogoleri Soviet, ndipo pa nthawi yomweyo akuyesa kuzindikira zinsinsi za West, ndipo nthawi yomweyo kuti amuonetse ukulu chawo, amaika moyo wake kovuta.

Pa fakitale, IBM ndi mtsogoleri wathu anakhalabe opanda chidwi ndi mankhwala, maonekedwe ake lonse zikusonyeza kuti ife, nayenso, chirichonse chiri pamenepo. Kumbukirani kuti mu 1959 panali woyamba mu dziko makompyuta pa transistor mkulu mlingo wa kudalirika ndi ntchito kuti US Air Force anapeza n'zotheka ntchito ngakhale kumayambiriro chenjezo dongosolo mpweya chitetezo. Khrushchev si chidwi, monga ntchito sakanatha kukhala pa kusintha kwa makompyuta kunachitidwa mu dziko lathu, ndi "corncob" kumvetsa luso chosintha chifukwa chosowa nzeru pulayimale mderali. Ndiko, anthu anapanga izi walola IBM kukhala mtsogoleri dziko mu makompyuta.

Koma Khrushchev chidwi wina chidali chifuniro - kudziona utumiki m'chipinda chodyera. Kumene, Mlembi General wa sanali kusonyeza anadabwa ndi zonse ankanena kuti "mu USSR bwino." Komabe, ambiri anazindikira kuti Khrushchev disingenuous.

mu Hollywood

Ulendo Khrushchev kwa US mu 1959 ndipo limadziwika Atangofika ku Hollywood. Film kampani "Twentieth Century Fox" anakonza ulemu mtsogoleri wa nkhomaliro kudzachitira anthu 400. Chisangalalo kunali kuti iye anaitanidwa yekha otchuka popanda amachepetsa wachiwiri, monga kusankha anthu amene alibe zokwanira.

Hollywood nthawi kuti anavulala "mfiti kusakasaka" - polimbana zokopa za chikominisi mu United States, ambiri alendo chiti nkhawa. . Komabe, pafupifupi onse odziwika zisudzo, otsogolera, andale, playwrights ndi ena nawo chakudya: Bob Houp, Francis Sinatra, Marilyn Monroe, Dzhon Kennedi , ndi ena ambiri.

Ena, monga Bing Crosby ndi Ronald Reagan, monga chizindikiro kumusonyeza ndi boma zokomera anakana anakana pempho la. Ena amaopa kuti mapeto ao, ndipo sanapite ku msonkhano, monga motsutsa iwo anali kale mu Commission ya Kufufuza pa Activities zosagwiritsidwa American. Pakati pa anthuwo anali Wolemba wina wotchuka Arthur Miller, koma mkazi wake, Marilyn Monroe anali makamaka umaimiridwa ndi atsogoleri Soviet.

Khrushchev pa filimu

Pambuyo nkhomaliro alendo asankha kusonyeza kuwombera filimu "Cancan". The okonza mwadala asankha makamaka piquant mpukutu mafilimu m'tsogolo. Nyimbo zaphokoso anathamanga wovina ndipo anayamba kuvina chidwi kwambiri kukweza masiketi. Kenako, atolankhani sanaphonye mwayi kufunsa mtsogoleri Soviet kuti ankaganiza za zochitika zoterezi. polemba chinenero Izi mtsogoleri wathu amatchedwa "nthabwala," ndipo iye ankati siinazikonze chidwi chawo pa iwo. Komabe, kuwombera wa atolankhani mwake.

Pamsonkhano wina ndi mabungwe ogwira ncthito, Khrushchev anachita kusonyeza mkwiyo wake pa mfundo yakuti "moona Ammayi" ayenera "kunyamula chovala" mokomera "achinyengo anthu." Ndiyeno mtsogoleri wathu musaphonye mwayi kutsindika kuti "tiyenera ngati" ufulu "Sikuti" ndipo ife "amakonda kuganiza mwaufulu," ndipo "penyani bulu wako." Komabe, pa m'tsogoleri Soviet sanakhutire: adayamba parody ndi ovina ku filimuyi, wosasamalira bulu wake pagulu. Osachepera, choncho linalembedwa ndi munthu wa atolankhani la American - Sol Bellou, amene yokutidwa ulendo Khrushchev kwa US. Chaka iye anali zosaiwalika, ndipo zambiri za zochitika izi pamoyo wawo.

Ulendo Khrushchev kwa US: msonkhano ndi mabungwe malonda

A kukhumudwa kwenikweni kwa mtsogoleri wathu anali kukumana ndi mabungwe ogwira ncthito mu United States. Iye anandiuza kuti kwa iye, kuti iye akakumana ndi anzake polimbana ndi dziko capitalist. A anthu onse, koma kungoti "ogwira ntchito molimbika" ayenera kudana "opondereza ndi enslavers." Koma iye anali kulakwitsa: mtsogoleri wa waukulu mgwirizano malonda Uolter Rayter anadzudzula lonse zokomera dongosolo la USSR. Khrushchev anayesa pokana ndi adamnenera Iye "tikumupachikaso kalasi ntchito", koma mu nkhope Reiter anati Nikita Sergeyevich kuti sali kumenyera sosholisimu mu dziko, ndi zimangokolezera kusintha moyo ntchito.

Kenako, pamene iye anawona Reiter ndalama Khrushchev Zokuthandizani kuti capitalists ziphuphu atsogoleri onse ogwira ncthito mu United States.

"Akufa akufa mphaka"

Ambiri, ulendo Khrushchev kwa United States (mu 1959) anali limodzi ndi ntchito zambiri akatiputa, Izitu n'zovutitsa, amvekere ya anthu American. The mafunso zosautsa anali mtsogoleri wathu, amene anakhudzidwa kugalukira Chihangare. Izi anafotokoza kuti "akufa akufa mphaka", kunena choona kuti zochitika izi zakhala m'mbuyomu, koma atolankhani akadali kwezani nkhani imeneyi.

ulendo wachiwiri

Khrushchev yoyamba Tinapita ku US - tsiku, ndithudi, losaiwalika, koma sanali mtsogoleri kokha ulendo wathu wopita ku "adani maganizo". Zingaoneke, pambuyo kuti mtsogoleri wathu anavutika mu United States mu 1959, ndi chodziwikiratu kuti apite komweko. Komabe, mu 1960, iye ananena pa 15 General Assembly pa UN ku New York limene kudzudzulidwa patsogolo capitalist mu Africa West. Pa izo, Iye analonjeza kusonyeza dziko "phala." Mantha America anamasulira mawu "Ife m'manda inu," ndi mtsogoleri Soviet mu maso a azungu anayamba kuchepa kwa wolamulira, kukonzekera kuti adzawononge dziko. Pambuyo pake, mmodzi kwambiri anakonza mutakawachezera wa Khrushchev ku United States (1961) sizinachitike, ndi okuluwika "phala" kwafika kusonyeza nyukiliya "Tsar-bomba" kuti USSR ochuluka pambuyo General Assembly.