Phenomena - kodi ndicho chodabwitsa? Mitundu ya zochitika

Mawu akuti "chozizwitsa" amachokera ku Chigriki "φαινόμενον", kutanthauza "kukhala", "chosoweka", "chodabwitsa". Mukayang'ana pozungulira, mukhoza kuona zinthu zambiri, kununkhira, kutentha kapena kuzizira, kuwona kukongola ndi kuzikonda, kumva nyimbo ndikusangalala ndi zizindikiro zake. Nkhani zonsezi ndi zozizwitsa mu filosofi nthawi zambiri amatchedwa mawu awa. Mwa mawu, zonsezi ndi zovuta. Awa ndiwo malingaliro a filosofi omwe amasonyeza zozizwitsa zimenezo zomwe zingakhoze kumvetsetsedwa mu zowona. Zonsezi zikhonza kukhala chinthu cholingalira ndi zofufuza za sayansi.

Mitundu ya zochitika

Kuyambira pa zomwe tatchulazi, zinthu izi ndi zozizwitsa zingagawidwe mu thupi ndi m'maganizo. Malinga ndi chiphunzitso cha filosofesa wa ku Austria Franz Brentano, choyamba chikuphatikizapo phokoso, kununkha, masoka achilengedwe, mvula, madera, nkhalango, mapiri ndi zigwa, mitengo ndi zitsamba ndi zinthu zina zapadziko lapansi. Zonsezi zimapatsidwa kwa ife muzochitikira, ndiko kuti, tili ndi mwayi wowona, kumva, kumva ndi kumverera. Koma zochitika zamaganizo - izi ndizo malingaliro athu onse, ndiko kuti, zizindikiro zonse zomwe, kupyolera mu zozizwitsa kapena malingaliro, zimawuka mu chikumbumtima chathu. Izi zikuphatikizapo kuchita, kumva, masomphenya, zozizwitsa, malingaliro, komanso malingaliro a maganizo monga kukumbukira, kukayikira, chiweruzo; Zochitika pamtima: chimwemwe, chisoni, mantha, chiyembekezo, kukhumudwa, kulimba mtima, mantha, chikondi, mkwiyo, chidani, kudabwa, chilakolako, chisangalalo, kuyamikira, ndi zina zotero.

Chikhalidwe chodabwitsa

Mawu akuti "chikhalidwe" ali ndi matanthauzo ambiri. Ndicho chidziwitso cha sayansi zosiyanasiyana: filosofi, chikhalidwe cha anthu, aesthetics, culturology, ethnography, sayansi ya ndale, maganizo, maphunziro, mbiri, mbiri yakale, etc. Mwachidule, chikhalidwe ndi ntchito za anthu zomwe zingakhale ndi mitundu yonse ya mawonetseredwe. Zimaphatikizapo njira zonse ndi mawonekedwe a kudzidzimva ndi kudziwonetsera nokha omwe amasonkhanitsidwa ndi anthu, ndi munthu wosiyana. Mwachidule, chikhalidwe ndi ndondomeko ya makhalidwe (makhalidwe a makhalidwe, malamulo, machitidwe, miyambo ndi miyambo, ndi zina zotero) zomwe zimagwiridwa ndi anthu omwe apatsidwa, ndipo zimayendetsa khalidwe laumunthu. M'mawu, chikhalidwe ndi zinthu zakuthupi ndi zauzimu. Pa dziko lapansili, woyamba mwa iwo ali ndi tanthauzo lapadera kwa anthu okha, chifukwa iwo amayeretsedwa ndi miyambo, luso, chipembedzo, mwa mawu amodzi - ndi chikhalidwe. Ponena za zinthu za uzimu, apa zonse siziri zovuta kwambiri. Ife tawona kale kangapo kuti abale athu ochepa amatha kusonyeza malingaliro monga kudzipereka, chikondi, chikondi, chimwemwe, chisoni, mkwiyo, kuyamikira, ndi zina zotero.

Chikhalidwe ndi anthu

Mu chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu, lingaliro la "chodabwitsa" limatenga gawolo. Chodabwitsa ichi, chomwe chikufufuzidwa mu chikhalidwe. Lero, izi zikupitirira kukhala chinthu chosiyana ndi sayansi: kusokoneza, malipoti, diploma ndi maphunziro. Komabe, ndizovuta kwambiri kuti olemba awo apereke tanthauzo lolondola la chodabwitsa ichi. Aliyense amachita izo mwa njira yawoyawo. Chigwirizano cha ziganizo ziwiri ngati "chikhalidwe" ndi "chikhalidwe" chiri paliponse. Chikhalidwe chiri kapena chiripo mbali zonse za moyo waumunthu popanda kupatulapo. Mawu athu amatanthauzanso mau akuti "sociocultural space," "ndale zamakhalidwe," "chikhalidwe cha umunthu," ndi zina zotero. Zambiri mwaziganizozi zakhala zikudziwika bwino kwa ife moti sitidziwa momwe timagwiritsira ntchito. Nanga mumamvetsetsa bwanji chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe? Iyi ndi njira yapadera ya moyo waumunthu, kumene cholinga ndi chokhalira chinthu chimodzi. Kudzera mwa chikhalidwe, bungwe ndi kayendetsedwe ka ntchito za anthu zimachitika, zomwe zimabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa ntchito yake monga membala wa anthu.

Chikhalidwe cha anthu mu ntchito za Petirim Sorokin ndi F. Tenbrook

Katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu a ku Russia PA Sorokin nayenso anafufuzira zodabwitsa izi. Malingana ndi iye, chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha anthu ndizo zonse zomwe anthu amalandira kuchokera ku chikhalidwe chawo chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwawo ndi chikhalidwe, chomwecho ndicho chikhalidwe cha "zoposa". Pansi pakumapeto kwake iye amamvetsa zonse zomwe zimapangitsa kuzindikira kwa munthu, mwachitsanzo, zingakhale zilankhulo, chipembedzo, nzeru, luso, makhalidwe, malamulo, makhalidwe, zizolowezi, ndi zina zotero. Mu mawu, malinga ndi Sorokin, "socioculturalism "Kodi ndilo gawo lalikulu la chikhalidwe cha anthu, lomwe limatanthauza kupitiriza kwa munthu, chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe. Katswiri wina wafilosofi wa ku Germany F. Tenbruck ananena kuti kugwirizanitsa uku ndi "kusakanikirana kosavuta" kwa zigawo zitatu: munthu, gulu komanso dongosolo la makhalidwe abwino, ndiko, chikhalidwe.

Kodi nchiyani chomwe chingawonedwe ngati chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe?

Tiyeni tiyambe kulemba zochitika izi zomwe zikugwa pansi pa tanthauzo la chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe. Izi ndi mfundo zonse zomwe zimakhudza munthu wokhala pakati pawo. Inde, iyi si mndandanda wathunthu, koma apa pali ena mwa iwo:

• Ndalama;
• Mafashoni;
• Umphawi;
• Chipembedzo (kuphatikizapo mipatuko);
• Malo ochezera;
• Nkhani;
• Ziphuphu ndi miseche, ndi zina.

Ndipo ili ndi mndandanda wa zochitika zachuma. Ndizowonjezereka kwambiri. Zozizwitsa izi zikuphatikizidwa mu chikhalidwe chimodzi ndi chikhalidwe chonse. Nazi izi:

• Maphunziro;
• Sayansi;
• Ndondomeko;
• Ulendo;
• Mzimu;
• Chiwonongeko;
• Kuleredwa;
• Banja;
• Mafashoni;
• Mtundu;
• Chipembedzo;
• Nthano, nthano;
• Khulupirirani;
• Chimwemwe;
• Chisoni;
• Zowonadi;
• Mayi;
• Kuleza;
• Kitsch, ndi zina zotero.

Mndandandawu ukhoza kupitilira kwamuyaya.

Chikhalidwe chachikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe cha chitukuko

Mudziko lathu, palibe chokhazikika ndipo sichiima. Zochitika zonsezi ndi zabwino kapena zowonongeka, zikupita ku chiwonongeko chawo chomaliza. Kukonzekera ndizochitika zachikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha chitukuko. Ichi ndi ndondomeko yomwe ikukhudzidwa ndi kusintha kwabwino pa zinthu zakuthupi ndi zauzimu ndi cholinga chimodzi - kukhala bwino. Kuchokera mu filosofi kumadziwika kuti kuthekera kwa kusintha ndi chilengedwe chonse cha nkhani ndi chidziwitso. Ichi ndi mfundo ya kukhalapo kwa onse (chilengedwe, kuzindikira ndi anthu).

Makhalidwe monga chodabwitsa cha maganizo

Munthu yemwe ali ndi chidziwitso ndi kudzidzimva yekha, ndiko kuti, munthu wamoyo, ndi munthu. Iye ali ndi dongosolo lovuta kwambiri, lomwe ndi mawonekedwe athunthu, mawonekedwe, maubwenzi, ofunikira kuchokera kumalo a anthu, malingaliro apadera a munthu omwe anapangidwa chifukwa cha mapangidwe. Amalongosola zochita ndi zochita zake monga khalidwe lachiyankhulo ndi ntchito, zomwe ziri ndi chidziwitso. Umoyo umatha kudziletsa, komanso kugwira ntchito mwakhama. Panthawi imodzimodziyo, machitidwe, maubwenzi ndi zochita zimagwirizana bwino. Ndithudi, aliyense amadziwa ndi kuyesa kotereku kwa umunthu ngati "maziko". Malowa ali ndi anthu omwe ali ndi khalidwe lolimba. Komabe, m'maganizo, "maphunziro apamwamba" a munthuyo akufotokozedwa mosiyana - ichi ndi kudzidalira kwake. Amamangidwa pamaziko a ubale wa munthu payekha. Izi zimakhudzidwa ndi momwe munthu amayendera anthu ena. Mwachikhalidwe, munthuyo ndiyekha amene amachitirana chiyanjano ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu komanso zochita zauzimu. Kapangidwe kameneku kamaphatikizaponso makhalidwe ndi thupi la thupi la munthu, komanso makhalidwe ake. Choncho, kuwonjezera pa zochitika zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu, pali zochitika zamaganizo. Izi ndi zochitika zomwe zimakhudzana ndi munthu ndi dziko lake la mkati: kumverera, kukhudzidwa, zochitika, ndi zina zotero. Kotero, chochitika cha m'maganizo chingakhale chikondi, chidani, chiwawa, chifundo, kugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi zina zotero.

Kutsiliza

Mosasamala kanthu kagawo komwe iwo ali, zozizwitsa ndizo zonse zomwe zingakhale chinthu chowonekera kuti cholinga cha kuvomerezedwa.