Mitundu ya masamba a mitengo ndi ntchito zawo (chithunzi)

Ziribe kanthu angati mitengo padziko lathuli, m'njira zosiyanasiyana akorona ndi masamba yokha, onse amasamala chinthu chimodzi - dziko lapansi mpweya kuyeretsedwa ku carbon dioxide, chomwe ndi chiwerengero kochuruka kwa chitaya mu malo a anthu, dziko nyama, njira ina. Pali ambiri sayansi ndi maphunziro mabuku motsatira mbali imeneyi ya zomera - ". Mafomu masamba" Maonekedwe a mtengo kapena chitsamba chilichonse munthu akhoza kusintha, kupereka aliyense, ngakhale mawonekedwe chodabwitsa. Koma mitundu yambirimbiri ya mitengo ndi zomera masamba kukhala sichinasinthe.

"Thupi" wa pepalalo

Masamba - ndi mbali yofunika ya dongosolo tsinde la mtengo uliwonse, chitsamba kapena mbewu. Gulu pepala gawo maina: mbale, petioles, stipules.

Mbale - uyu ndi gawo lalikulu la pepala, ndi lathyathyathya m'maonekedwe ndi ali zosiyanasiyana, zomwe ife kuphimba ina.

Petiole - ali, kunena mwachidule, phesi imene mbale pepala amamangiriridwa ku nthambi. Mu ena zomera, petiole ndi ochepa kapena sanali sakupezeka.

Stipules - otchedwa pepala zokhudzana kuti ali pa maziko ake. gawo ili mu tsamba, anthu ochepa ndaona ndi kudziwa. chakuti zomera kwambiri stipules kuguluka pamaso pepalalo zikuchitikazo kwathunthu. The kuchotserapo yekha ndi mitundu ina, monga mthethe.

The botanical gulu la mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya masamba. Photos anapereka m'munsimu.

Ambiri - ndi masamba yachibadwa (kapena zophweka). Izi ndi mitundu ya masamba amene wapangidwa tsamba limodzi. Zingakhale pang'ono mosabisa, adzakhale ndi kuligaŵa, zogwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana, monga thundu kapena mbatata. Zambiri masamba anawagawa subspecies atatu: lonse, lobed ndi kuligaŵa.

Zomera ndi pepala limodzi

Ponena za mitundu mtengo ofunika ponena makamaka birch. Osati chifukwa palibe mtengo uwu ndi chizindikiro cha dziko lathu. Birch ambiri mu kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi, koma ndi woipa yaikulu ya mitengo imeneyi ili m'dera la Russia. birch tsamba - losavuta, olimba, pang'ono yokhota kumapeto mawonekedwe ndi m'mphepete serrated. Mbale yunifolomu wobiriwira mtundu, zingwe - mu kamvekedwe. Mu kugwa, monga amadziwika, masamba birch amakhala achikasu.

The view N'chimodzimodzinso masamba ndi wamba ena Russia mtengo - apulo. izi tsamba mtengo wa zipatso zazikulu, koma ali ndi makhalidwe omwewo: izo olimba, pang'ono serrated pa m'mbali, yosalala mtundu.

Aspen, Lilac, popula, Elm, ndi zomera zina ndi chimodzimodzi mawonekedwe pepala. Komatu mfundo botanical maganizo mofanana ndi mzake, kusiyana kunja, ndithudi, alipo.

The subtype chachiwiri - lobed. Ndi chibadidwe mu mtundu uwu masamba ena mitengo mapulo. Chitsanzo - tsamba akuonetsedwa pa mbendera Canada. masamba amatchedwa nkhafi ndikupita, ngati ndi "mphako" pa m'mbali awo musalumphe wachinayi wa pamalo onsewo.

Ndi tsamba pepala yosavuta. Ngati kwambiri chidwi nkhani ya "Mitundu masamba mapulo", kuphunzira akhoza kutenga zaka zambiri. Mitengo imeneyi ndi oposa 50 mitundu, omwe ndi lowonekera malo osati kuyang'ana: Kumwamba, nthambi mawonekedwe ndi thunthu kutsiriza ndi maonekedwe a masamba. Ife sitikhala akukhala padziko lino.

The subspecies lachitatu yosavuta masamba - ndi kuligaŵa masamba. Pakuti mtundu uwu ndi masamba amene kudula oposa mmodzi kotala la chipepalacho. Mwachitsanzo, ngati dandelion ndi, tansy. Makamaka, mtundu uwu kumachitika zomera lekastvennyh ndi maluwa.

Masamba ndi dongosolo zovuta

Mitundu ya mitengo ndi zomera masamba kupanga yachiwiri yaikulu gulu - zovuta. Zovuta iwo amatchedwa chifukwa ali ndi kulembamo ochepa. Iwo anawagawa ternate, palchatoslozhnye ndi pinnate.

oimira zomera ndi masamba ternate - munda sitiroberi ndi sitiroberi zakutchire, clover. zimasiyanitsa Mbali awo - masamba atatu petiole wina. Chikhulupiriro cha clover ndi masamba anayi ndi kunditumiza ku mibadwomibadwo. Pezani mbewu sizingatheke.

Ndi palchatoslozhnym monga kavalo masamba mgoza, lupine munda.

Ndi pinnate - masamba rasipiberi, phiri phulusa, nandolo. Iwonso subspecies awo: kuti paripinnate ndi kumene pa mapeto pa tsinde la masamba awiri, monga mtola, ndi osamvetseka pinnate - Rose, Atamaliza phesi limodzi.

Mitundu ya masamba mbewu (mbale mawonekedwe)

masamba anawagawira ndi mtundu ndi lamina:

1. anamaliza.

Zina mwa houseplant, ngati violet ndi nasturtium m'munda, Aspen.

2. chowulungika.

mtundu tsamba likagwa Elm, otuwira.

3. lancing.

Amachuluka mu Tree ndi chitsamba chilichonse msondodzi banja, komanso chitsamba otchedwa Loch siliva.

4. Dzira woboola pakati.

masamba Dzina onse plantain amadziwika

5. liniya.

Chotero mtundu pepala chimaposa mu dzinthu, monga rye.

Kupanga maziko pepala - Mbali osiyana gulu. Kuchokera pa chizindikiro ichi. Masamba:

• mtima woboola pakati (monga Lilac);
• mphero (chotchezera);
• arrowhead (arrowhead).

Kupanga pepala pamwamba ndi yosamveka, lakuthwa, adzakhale bilobate.

A osiyana mutu - venation

Tsopano tiyeni tione zotsatira pa mutu chinsalu cha veining ake.

Pakuti dicots yodziwika ndi venation reticulate. Ndi magulu awiri: palmate (pamene mitsempha onse anabwera monga mtolo wa m'munsi wina) ndi Cirrus (pamene pa mitsempha yaikulu ya nthambi ku zing'onozing'ono).

Mu monocots zambiri amapezeka mu kufanana kapena arcuate venation. Yomweyi - ndi n'kakang'ono masamba (masamba a tirigu, mabango), Arc - pa masamba waukulu (kakombo wa mzigwa).

A ochepa zosangalatsa za masamba

• Mtima masamba - ndi fern otchedwa maidenhair-tonkolistnik. n'kakang'ono awo mu uthunthu alibe.
• Masamba sharpest - ndi putang udzu. anthu Local anati udzu ili ndi Mpeni.
• Zoposa 45 miliyoni masamba - mu paini.
• mapepala oposa awiri konse limakula pa Welwitschia.
• Madzi kakombo "Victoria" ali masamba ndi awiri mamita oposa awiri.
• mgwalangwa kanjedza tsamba kutalika - mamita 20.
• Osati zomera zonse kukhetsa masamba m'nyengo yozizira. Pali anthu amene aitanidwa yobiriwira.

Mitundu ndi mtundu wa masamba

Oddly, koma coloration wa pepala nthawi zambiri sichidukidwa aliyense wa mawonekedwe ake, kapena malo. Monga kudzala ndi chibadidwe kupenta ichi, ndizo zonse.

Kodi mtundu wa pepala ya wapangidwa? M'nthawi ya chilimwe, pafupifupi onse zomera utoto mtundu wobiriwira chifukwa kukhalapo mu zimakhala awo pigment wapadera - chlorophyll. mankhwala kumathandiza zomera kukhala zhiznedeyaelnost awo, mothandizidwa ndi mmera kuchita ndi cholinga sikunachitekepo: masana synthesizes shuga kwa mpweya. Poyankha, shuga amakhala kumanga mfundo zakudya zonse zofunikira.

N'chifukwa chiyani masamba kutembenukira chikasu?

Komanso wotchedwa chlorophyll chomera masamba ali atumiki ochekenera monga xanthophylls, carotene, anthocyanins. M'nthawi ya chilimwe, zimakhudza awo pa mitundu ndi kochepa kwambiri chifukwa anthu ambiri wotchedwa chlorophyll mu mbewu zimakhala pamwamba nthawi chikwi. Koma ndi isanayambike autumn njira zonse za moyo ayamba adzafota, kuchuluka kwa wotchedwa chlorophyll umayamba kuchepa. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mu kuwala kwa holorofill aononga kwambiri mofulumira. Choncho, ngati m'dzinja ndi dzuwa ndi kutentha, masamba kutembenukira chikasu ndipo kuguluka.