Nyumba ya Menshikov ku St. Petersburg. Nyumba za St. Petersburg

Kalonga Wamkulu Wachisanu, Alexander Danilovich, dzanja lamanja ndi wokondedwa wa Peter I, anali ndi maudindo ambiri, ndipo zambiri zinaloledwa kwa iye. Nyumba ya Menshikov ku St. Petersburg ndi chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha izi. Panthawi imene tsar inali kukhala yambiri kuposa malo osungirako zachilimwe (omwe tsopano ndi nthambi ya Russia Museum), Woyang'anira Gulu Woyamba wa St. Petersburg kanthawi kochepa ndipo pakhomo lalikulu kwambiri anamanga nyumba yaikulu ku chilumba cha Vasilievsky, chomwe chiyenera kukhala chisa chake.

Zosangalatsa zikusefukira

Zolinga zabwino kwambiri za zomangamanga za ku Russia zinagwiritsidwa ntchito mu malo awa. Chida chochuluka cha zomangamanga chinaperekedwa kuno m'mphepete mwa mitsinje, pamene kumangidwa kwa nyumba ya kumpoto kuli njerwa iliyonse yomwe inkalamuliridwa ndi Petro I.

Nyumba yachifumu ya Menshikov ku St. Petersburg panthawiyo inali yapamwamba kwambiri. Chifukwa cha kusowa kwa nyumba zina zogwirira ntchito, inali malo oyendetsera moyo wa mzindawo, idakondwerera mapeto a nkhondo ya kumpoto. Poyamba (1710-1712), ntchitoyi inayang'aniridwa ndi katswiri wa zomangamanga Francesco Fontana, amene adachoka m'dzikoli chifukwa cha nyengo yovuta. Anakhazikitsidwa ndi katswiri wina wa zomangamanga IG Shedel, yemwe taluso ndi ntchito yake idakondweretsa mtsogoleri wa dziko loyamba ku Russia ndipo adapatsa womangamanga pomanga nyumba zake ziwiri - ku Oranienbaum ndi Kronstadt.

Nyumba yokongola kwambiri ya likulu la mtsogolo

Nyumba yachifumu ya Menshikov ku St. Petersburg panthawiyo inali nyumba yayitali kwambiri kumpoto kwa kumpoto. Ndipo chachikulu kwambiri - chinawomba kudutsa chilumbachi kuchokera ku Great Neva kupita ku Little Neva. Ndipo tsopano, zaka 300 pambuyo pake, nyumba yosungidwa bwino, yoyamba mwa miyala ya St. Petersburg, ndiyo nyumba yaikulu kwambiri ya zomangamanga za Peter Great. Menshikov mwiniwake anali "Westerner" ndipo anamanga nyumba yake yachifumu mokwanira malinga ndi mawonekedwe a nthawi zimenezo, ngakhale chilumba cha Vasilyevsky chinkafunika kumakhoma ngalande, kotero kuti chimafanana ndi malo a Amsterdam. Nyumbayi inali yatsopano - panali chipinda chamisonkhano (pamodzi ndi Peter I mipira ndi misonkhano) ndi zipinda zocherezera alendo, khitchini, malo ogona, malo ogwirira ntchito komanso zipinda zamakalata. Malowo anali odzaza koma okoma.

Choyambirira cha kapangidwe

Nyumba ya Menshikov ku St. Petersburg inali yokongoletsedwa ndi matabwa, zojambula ndi zokongoletsera nkhumba, zikopa ndi zina zothawirika. Chidwi chachikulu chinali chipinda cha mlamu wake wa Kalonga Wodala - ziwembu zonse zinkaikidwa pamakoma. Miyala, monga zambiri, inatumizidwa kuchokera ku Holland, koma zina zinapangidwa ndi zomera zaku Russia ku Strelna, Yamburg, Koporye. Nyumba yachifumuyo inadabwa ndi chuma ndi zinthu zamtengo wapatali. Banja la Generalissimo maritime ndi mabomba a nthaka linalowa m'nyumba yachifumu kumayambiriro kwa 1714. Chokopa chachikulu cha nyumba yachifumu ndi Khoti la Nthambi. Pambuyo pa ukapolo wa Menshikov mu 1727, nyumbayo inasamutsidwa kupita ku Berezov ku Cadet Corps, komwe Suvorov ndi Sumarokov anaphunzira. Pa nthawi ya Soviet, sukulu ya usilikali ndi ndale inali mkati mwa nyumba yachifumu. Tsopano nyumba yaikulu pamabanki a Neva ndi nthambi ya Hermitage.

Nyumba yoyamba ya olemekezeka m'mphepete mwa nyanja

Nyumba ya Menshikov ku St. Petersburg ili ndi mbiri yake. Mu 1704, Peter I anapereka chilumba cha Vasilievsky kwa "Alexashka" amene ankamukonda kwambiri, ndipo nthawi yomweyo adalima munda ndi munda wa ndiwo zamasamba ndipo anayamba kumanga nyumba ya nsanjika ziwiri motsogoleredwa ndi VA Senyavin. Ntchitoyi inamangidwa malinga ndi polojekiti ya Domenico Terzini. Yomangidwa mofanana ndi kalata "n" nyumbayo inali ndi staircase yaikulu yomwe imatsogolera ku chipinda chachiwiri. Ndipo kunthambi zoyamba kunabwera ngalande (kenako dziwe), anakumba kuchokera ku mabanki a Neva. Nyumba yachifumu yamatabwa, yomangidwa m'Chisipanishi, imadziwika kuti mu 1710 ukwati wa mwana wamwamuna wa Peter I Anna Ioannovna ndi Duke wa Courland Friedrich Wilhelm anakondwerera. M'chaka chomwecho, mtsogoleri wamkulu ndi bwanamkubwa wa St. Petersburg anayamba kumanga nyumba yachifumu yotchuka yamwala.

Ku Moscow

Chiwerengero cha nyumba za Duke wa Izhorsk sichinali chocheperapo ndi chiwerengero cha maudindo ake. Nyumba yachifumu ya Menshikov ku Moscow, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Lefortovsky, kapena Old Slobodskaya, inaperekedwa ndi Peter I mu 1706 kwa mnzake pambuyo pa nyumba ya Alexander Danilovich ku Semenovskaya Sloboda. "Lefortovo" nyumbayi imatchedwa chifukwa chakuti inamangidwa mu 1698 malinga ndi lamulo lachifumu la mnzake Lefort, yemwe atatha kuwombera mvula mu 1699, posakhalitsa (masiku 20) anamwalira ali ndi zaka 46. Nyumba yachifumuyi inali yapachiyambi ndipo inkayesedwa kuti ndiyo yoyamba kuyesa njira yatsopano yomanga nyumba. Nyumba yachifumu ili pafupi mamita 10 pamwamba ndipo ili ndi malo a mamita 300 lalikulu. Mamitala amatha kukhala ndi alendo okwana 1500 panthawi yomweyo. Kunyumba yachifumu panali zidziwitso zambiri - zipinda, makoma ake omwe ankakumbidwa kapena khungu lobiriwira, kapena golide wamtengo wapatali. Nyumbayo inali pamphepete mwa nyanja ya Yauza ndipo inali ndi paki yaikulu, yokhala ndi mbalame ndi nyama zachilendo. Menshikov amamanganso nyumba yachifumu mozindikira. Atatha manyazi, nyumbayo ku Lefortovo inasamutsidwa ku chuma. Chifukwa cha moto ndi ntchito ya Moscow mu 1812, nyumba yachifumuyo inawonongedwa ndipo kenako inasiya. Iyo inabwezeretsedwa mu 1840 kokha, chifukwa cha nyumbayo inali ndi nyumba yachitatu. Kuyambira apo mpaka lero, nyumbayi ikukhala ndi zolemba zosiyanasiyana.

Nyumba ya masewera

Sheremetevsky Palace ku St. Petersburg - ngale ina ya mzinda wakale ku Neva. Kuchokera mu 1712, malinga ndi lamulo la tsar, oimira akuluakulu a Moscow akuyamba kusamukira ku likulu la kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. Ndi chithandizo chawo, Mfumuyo inkafuna kukonzekera madera ena a mzindawo. Field Marshal Count BP Sheremetiev, amene Peter ine ndinakwatirana naye wachibale AP Naryshkina, adalemba malo pa tsamba 34. Anali m'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Fontanka, ndi nyumba yomwe anamangidwa kumeneko, amatchedwa "Fountain House." Cholingacho sichinali chodabwitsa chilichonse ndipo chinaperekedwa kuchokera m'manja ndi manja mpaka chidzukulu cha Boris Petrovich - Nikolai, yemwe adakhazikika pano mu 1796. Chifukwa cha iye, mmisiri wokha Ye Ye Starov anamanganso nyumbayo. Ndi nyumba yachifumu yomangidwanso, malo owonetserako maseŵera ndi oimba nyimbo za serf anatulukira. Nyumbayi inamangidwa ndi malo okonzeka bwino, okhala ndi injini pansi pake, panali "zipinda zokutira" ndi zipinda zogwirira ntchito. Inali masewera enieni, otchuka ku likulu lonse. Dera lonse la nyumbayi linamangidwanso, nyumba zatsopano zinayambira - Zinyumba Zonyamula Katundu, Nyengo Zam'munda ndi Zamaluwa. Pogwiritsa ntchito zomangamanga monga D. Quarenghi ndi A. N. Voronikhin. Sheremetyevs anali olemera kwambiri. Count Nikolai ndi wotchuka chifukwa chakuti, pokonda chikondi ndi Praskovya Kovaleva, adawamasula ndipo adamkwatira.

Ulemerero wa nyumbayi unanenanso kuti kuyambira 1924 mpaka 1952, Anna Ahmatova anakhala pano mwa malo enaake. Tsopano kumanga nyumba yachifumu kuli nyumba yosungiramo zikumbutso yomwe imatchedwa wolemba ndakatulo komanso Museum of Musical ndi Theatrical Art.

Mkulu wa kumpoto ukuwonjezera chisomo chapadera ku nyumba zonse zachifumu za St. Petersburg. Chithunzi chomwe chili pamwambapa chikusonyeza momwe nyumba yabwino ya Anichkov ndili, yoyamba mwala wa mtundu uwu pa Nevsky Prospekt. The Hermitage akuyenera nkhani yapadera.