Non-zokhudza zonse chitsutso: lingaliro, oimira ndi atsogoleri

Pafupifupi onse a m'dziko la Russia tamva chotero akuti "kutsutsa sanali zokhudza zonse." Koma aliyense ali ndi ganizo lawo la zomwenso ake. Nthawi zambiri, zimenezi pa ubale m'malo lakutali zenizeni. Nanga ndi chitsutso sanali zokhudza zonse mu Russia, amene ntchito pamaso pake amene amaika atsogoleri ake? Tiyeni tipeze mayankho enieni a mafunso amenewa.

Lingaliro la sanali dongosolo kutsutsidwa

Non-zokhudza zonse chitsutso - mphamvu zandale amatsutsa momwe boma atsopano a dziko, koma zimagwiritsa ntchito njira sanali aphungu a nkhondoyo. mabungwe amenewa kawirikawiri kutenga mbali mu chisankho. udindo wake ndale amasonyeza kudzera zionetsero za, zonyoza zimayenda apilo poyera zochita za maulamuliro, ndi zina kuwakakamiza kulanda.

vuto kuti mwina chifukwa zinthu zingapo:

• Chosowa chikhulupiriro cha anthu amene kulowa m'nyumba Zosakhalidwa-dongosolo kutsutsidwa ndi kuthekera pochita voti kuchotsa mphamvu kuchokera yoletsa ndale, kukhala mu mphamvu.
• Akulimbana zochita za boma pofuna mabungwe ena mu ndondomeko za visola.
• Zoletsa ntchito za mabungwe ena kuti si a dongosolo kutsutsidwa.

Chinthu otsiriza akunena makamaka kwa magulu osiyana, ntchito ya ndilo monyanyira kapena wotsutsa boma khalidwe. Kutsutsa oimira boma kanthu za chitsutso sanali zokhudza zonse si nthawi zonse zaphindu. Nthawi zambiri, ali ndi njira iliyonse anagwidwa ndi apolisi.

Zikamera wa sanali dongosolo kutsutsidwa

Mawu akuti "kutsutsa sanali zokhudza zonse" inatuluka mu Russia kuzungulira kwa Zakachikwi. Mu 2003, pa chisankho State Duma, chipani aufulu "Yabloko", lotsogoledwa ndi Grigoriem Yavlinskim, ndi Union of Mphamvu Kumanja (SPS), motsogoleredwa ndi Boris Nemtsov sanali pochitika mu nyumba yamalamulo. Mu State Duma anali okhawo anthu amene ali mu njira ina amapereka malamulo a pano Russian utsogoleri. Motero, anthu ambiri, amene kale ntchito ngati "heavyweights" wa Olympus ndale, yasiyidwa kunja kwa moyo aphungu a dziko. Mfundo imeneyi chifukwa cha iwo mlandu chinyengo kupambana akuluakulu.

Wosanyengereredwa zimakhudza miyoyo ya njira dziko la aphungu, magulu otsutsa anakakamizika zinthu mwa njira zina. Iwo anayamba kukonza zionetsero misa zooneka kusamvera olamulira. Popeza mtundu umenewu anali kwa iwo, ndi kutchuka mwa anthu ochuluka kugwa, mphamvu owolowa manja otsala kunja yamalamulo ndi, anakakamizika kufunafuna ogwirizana odziwa zambiri masewera pa munda. Iwo anali magulu otsutsa osiyanasiyana, ndi udindo theka malamulo, kapena ngakhale zomangidwa Russia. The lapadera kwambiri inali ya National Bolshevik Party Eduard Limonov ndi Vanguard wa Red Youth Sergei Udaltsov. Choncho, panali otsutsa sanali zokhudza zonse.

Mbiri ya ntchito sanali dongosolo kutsutsidwa

The Zionetsero choyamba, akulumikiza "Apple", ndi PCA ndi National Bolshevik Party, kunachitika mu March 2004. Pa nthawi yomweyo iye anakonza "Committee-2008", imene udindo ŵa ankaimba lodziwika bwino Chess player GARRY Kasparov. Cholinga chachikulu cha bungweli chinali kukonzekera chisankho cha Pulezident cha 2008, mu 2004, ankaganiza, kutsutsa alibe mwayi. "Odziteteza" analenga kayendedwe chikhalidwe mu March 2005, kapangidwe mnyamata wa chipani "Yabloko" ndi SPS. Mtsogoleri wake anali Ilya Yashin.

M'chilimwe 2005, GARRY Kasparov anakhala mtsogoleri wa gulu utangoyamba - United Civil Front. Mu chaka chomwecho woyamba "March wa Dissent" anali kuyamba ndi dera lino - msewu Zionetsero kanthu, kuti kusintha ndale. Chochitika ichi, limodzi ndi mabungwe ena otsutsa. "Anayenda wa Dissent" imachitika nthaŵi zonse mu 2005 ndi 2009. Achita mtundu waukulu mawu a malo a otsutsa boma pano.

amafuna kugwirizanitsa

Mu 2006, akuluakulu a sanali dongosolo otsutsa sanasiyire kuyesa kaphatikizidwe mu gulu limodzi, womwe ntchito zochita zawo wamba. kusagwirizana kuti anali chifukwa chachikulu kulephera kwa otsutsa ndale. Komabe, anapatsidwa chiwerewere chake, n'zosadabwitsa. Kugwirizana latsopano umatchedwa "The Russia Other". Amaphatikiza mabungwe amenewa chitsutso ngati UCF, ndi Bolsheviks National, "Odziteteza", "Ntchito Russia", AKM, "Change". Ndi "Other Russia" yolongosoka olowa zochita za magulu otsutsa ndi likhale la "March wa Dissent".

Komabe, ngati pa zionetsero za bungwe anatha kulenga misa, kumenyera ufulu mavoti, maphwando woimira sanali zokhudza zonse chitsutso, anapitiriza kusewera. Malinga ndi zotsatira za chisankho aphungu a 2007, iwo kachiwiri musalekane ku State Duma. Mu 2008 chisankho cha Pulezident sanali limodzi nthumwi sanali dongosolo chitsutso: GARRY Kasparov ndi Mikhail Kasyanov sanaloledwe kulembetsa pa malo omwe sanali kugwilizana ndi dongosolo, Boris Nemtsov adachoka mwini yekha. yosiyana maziko maganizo a magulu otsutsa anakonzeratu kugwa kwa "Russia Other". Mgwirizano anali kusungunuka mu 2010, ndi mtundu wakhala ntchito chipani analenga Eduard Limonov.

Kuyambira kugwa kwa "Russia Other" ku chithaphwi

Kuyambira chaka cha 2010 anayamba msinkhu mu mbiri ya otsutsa sanali zokhudza zonse. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo iye kachiwiri odukaduka, ngakhale kangapo gulu anayesa kuti agwirizane. Nthawi imeneyi, anthu ambiri wakhala wotchuka Banda Alexei Navalny, amene kale membala wa chipani "Yabloko". Kudziwika ankalandira nkhani zake, zimene odana ndi ziphuphu kwambiri. Pa nthawi yomweyo pa phiko kutsogolo kwa gulu chitsutso anatuluka womenyera ufulu Violetta Volkova. Mu nthawi iyi anali zazikulu zochitika zosangalatsa za chitsutso "Tsiku la Mkwiyo", "Njira 31", "Putin ayenera kupita", "March wa mamiliyoni" ndi ena.

Kuyankha wamkulu anali atagwira "March wa mamiliyoni" mu Moscow mu May 2012, umene anapima kuti lifanane ndi chisankho cha Pulezidenti Vladimir Putin wa Russia. Action kusagwirizana oimira chitsutso kamodzinso unachita mbali yofunika. Part atsogoleri anatsogolera owatsatira awo ku malo m'madambo. Munali mphamvu crackdown mabungwe yazamalamulo. Otsatidwa ndi detentions Unyinji wa Anthu.

Momwe zinthu zikusinthira

Pali azimuth nthaŵi zambiri kutchuka mwa anthu kuchepa kwa mabungwe woimira sanali zokhudza zonse kutsutsidwa. Nthawi zina zimachitika kuwuka kwa kayendedwe Zionetsero, onse pa misonkhano, chifukwa ulimi mu Ukraine. Koma zimenezi zili ayi ndipo unsystematic khalidwe. Ngakhale kupha mmodzi wa atsogoleri a kayendedwe - Boris Nemtsov - sanadutsitse kuchita misa.

Ena oimira sanali dongosolo kuzunza anasamuka kunja. Mwachitsanzo, GARRY Kasparov. Mwa sanali zokhudza zonse kutsutsa magulu andale poyerekeza ndi nthawi mmbuyo, adapindulapo kwambiri kukopa chipani Mikhail Kasyanov otchedwa Parnassus.

mphamvu zandale

Monga tanena mabungwe membala wa kutsutsa sanali zokhudza zonse, ndi maganizo osiyana kwambiri maganizo. Ndipotu, iwo amagwirizana yekha ndi otsutsa boma panopa Russian. Omwe sanali dongosolo kutsutsidwa ndi olekerera ( "Apple", Parnas, poyamba PCA), ndi Socialists (AKM, "Ntchito Russia"), nationalists (NBP), ndipo ena.

atsogoleri

A mbali yofunika kwambiri kayendedwe ankaimba ndi atsogoleri a otsutsa sanali zokhudza zonse. Tiyeni tikambirane za anthu amenewa mwatsatanetsatane. Mmodzi wa mtsogoleri wotchuka ndi Boris Nemtsov. Poyamba, iye anali malo a bwanamkubwa wa dera Nizhny Novgorod, ndi pansi Boris Yeltsin, anali kwa kanthawi, ngakhale mutu wa boma. Koma kuchokera pamene Vladimira Putina anapita kwa akufa kwa kuwatsutsa. Kuyambira m'chaka cha 1999, iye ankakhala ndi SPS phwando. Mpaka 2003, anali mtsogoleri wa kagulu kamene eponymous mu Duma. Mu 2008, pambuyo pa kuvunda kwa Union of Mphamvu Kumanja, anayambitsa kukhazikitsidwa kwa "Umodzi" kuyenda. Kenako, iye anali mmodzi wa anthu amene anayambitsa chipani "RPR-Parnassus". Anaphedwa mu February 2015.

nthumwi wina wa kutsutsa sanali zokhudza zonse, poyamba anapita mphamvu Mikhail Kasyanov. Mu 2000s oyambirira anali mtsogoleri wa boma Russian. Kenako anasamukira ku chitsutso lotseguka. Iye ndi mtsogoleri wa chipani Parnas.

Pakuti otchuka chitsutso monga Violetta Volkova. Ndi chivomerezo iye ndi loya, kotero kuti khama lalikulu lolunjika pa kulimbikitsa. Pachimake pa ntchito yake anagwa 2011-2012.

Alexei Navalny - odziwika bwino Banda, otsutsa a boma ndi chivundi kuwulula njira. Iye poyamba anali membala wa chipani "Yabloko", koma ndiye amachotsedwa izo. Ngakhale kuti Navalny ndi wotsutsa momasuka wa chibvundi maboma analamulidwa kuti kuba katundu analandira chiweruzo inaimitsidwa. Komabe, anthu otsutsa amakhulupirira kuti mlandu wake Kuzipeka.

GARRY Kasparov - ndi lodziwika bwino dziko Chess ngwazi amenenso potenga gawo m'magulu kuukira. Kalikiliki - pambuyo 2005. Iye anali E yaikulu ya gulu la FMG, komanso a "March wa Dissent". Panopa, iye anasiya Russia.

amaganiza Public

Mmadera pali maganizo m'malo osokoneza pa Atsogoleri omwe si dongosolo kutsutsidwa. kutchuka kwawo ikuchepa, ndi mlingo wa thandizo la akuluakulu - ikukula. Ngakhale ena mwa anthu amene sakusangalala ndi zochita za boma pano, ndikukhulupirira kuti palibe atsogoleri amene kungachititse dziko ndi ulemu sanali dongosolo kutsutsidwa. kulira Public anapangitsa mawu amene ananena mutu wa Chechnya, Ramzan Kadyrov sanali dongosolo kutsutsidwa. Iwo ukufalitsidwa njira zambiri TV. Iye ananena kuti atsogoleri otsutsa akuyesetsa kupeza ulemerero Kutsutsa pulezidenti wa Russia ndi mavuto a zachuma m'dziko, ndi kuti aukire. Pakuti ichi iwo ayenera kuweruzidwa molingana ndi chilamulo. Kuti anati Kadyrov pa sanali dongosolo chitsutso, izo zimanyezimiritsa maganizo a mbali yaikulu ya anthu.

Pa nthawi yomweyo ayenera kuti pali gawo ena a anthu, limene limathandiza zochita za atsogoleri a magulu otsutsa.

ziyembekezo

Tsogolo sanali dongosolo kutsutsa m'malo yosokoneza. kumuthandiza mwa adzaponye chisanko kunadetsa kugwa. Mwayi kuti oimira kuwatsutsa adzatha kulowa nyumba yamalamulo pafupi ziro. The mgwirizano wa kutsutsa pakati pa mabungwe munthuyo ndi amphamvu kwambiri, ndi mabungwe - situational. Komabe, tisaiwale kuti zambiri za boma Russian zimadalira mmene adzakhala amphamvu Zionetsero maganizo anthu. Kulera muyezo wa chikhalidwe amatha kwambiri kuchepetsa ntchito ya kuwatsutsa.