Ndi kupalasa njinga ya zitavuta bwanji? Makope zinthu topezeka kudera limenelo. Chiwembu mkombero wa nkhani m'chilengedwe

Chiyambireni cha padziko lathuli zonse zikuchitika njira zosiyanasiyana kutengerapo mphamvu pakati pa zamoyo ndi chilengedwe. Iye watembenuka anasamutsa mu njira zina, chimamanga kuti ndipo zidzabalalika kachiwiri. The Tinganenenso chimodzimodzi za chinthu chilichonse kuti ndipamene maziko a moyo. Aliyense wa iwo unachitikira kwambiri za nthawi, amaloŵamo kusintha angapo ndipo kenako anabwerera.

pasukuluyi kupereka chithunzithunzi cha mmene mkombero wa nkhani m'chilengedwe. Iwo amakulolani mme- kayendedwe ka osati mafupa, komanso zinthu payekha. Tidzayensa kupeza m'magazini ino.

Lingaliro ambiri kufalitsidwa kwa zinthu

ndi kupalasa njinga ya zitavuta bwanji? Izi kusintha ozungulira mawonekedwe wina ndi mzake, limodzi ndi imfa ndi tsankho kapena madyaidya ndikuledzera, koma ndi okhazikika, khalidwe khola. Ie chinthu chilichonse kapena item zimapangitsa angapo kusintha mu masiteji, pamene kusandulika ndipo anasintha, koma mapeto adakali udzabwerera kwa mawonekedwe pachiyambi.

Mwachibadwa, ndi ndime ya nthawi kungakhale ena imfa kuchuluka kwa nkhani pawiri kapena amafotokozera. Komabe, chiwembu ambiri nthaŵi kumatenga zaka zambiri.

Kodi kufalitsa zinthu mukhoza kutengedwa ngati chitsanzo. Losavuta wa iwo - ndi kusintha kwa organic nkhani. Poyamba linapangidwa iwo zolengedwa zonse multicellular. Nditamaliza mkombero moyo wawo iwo kuwola ndinso thupi zenizeni zamoyo ndi mankhwala organic mu zochita kupanga. Kamodzi odzipereka, mankhwala awa ndi zolengedwa zina mu matupi awo atabwezeretsedwa kachiwiri mitundu ya organic. Ndiye ndondomeko akubwerezedwa ndi mkombero akupitiriza nthawi zonse.

Chiwembu cha kufalitsidwa kwa zinthu m'chilengedwe momveka bwino kuti kanthu ukatuluka mwa paliponse ndi kutha mu paliponse. Chirichonse chiri ndi chiyambi, mapeto ndi mitundu wapakatikati. Awa ndi malamulo zikuluzikulu m'moyo. Iye Kupeleka mphamvu. Taonani zitsanzo kusinthika komwe kumachitika topezeka kudera limenelo, zamoyo. Komanso adzazindikira kuti mkombero zinthu zochokera chinthu chimodzi chodziwika.

Kukhala nkhani m'chilengedwe

Zofunika kwambiri pophika biosphere wa - amoyo. Ndi chiyani icho? Ichi ndi chikhalidwe womuimira. Pamodzi, iwo apanga nkhuni. Iye, ndithudi, amaloŵamo kusintha, ndi chipani onse njira kunachitika chilengedwe.

Makope kanthu moyo zikhoza Chitsanzo chotsatira cha mtundu wa.

1. Nkulenga Koyamba, amene mwachindunji analanda mphamvu ya dzuwa ndi kusintha mu mphamvu mankhwala - ndi zomera, buluu wobiriwira mabakiteriya. Izi zimachitika chifukwa pigment wotchedwa chlorophyll mu photosynthesis. Zotsatira - kaphatikizidwe wa organic nkhani zikuluzikulu zochita kupanga. Choncho unakhazikitsidwa ulalo woyamba mwa biosphere kanthu moyo.
2. Komanso pali nyama amatha mwachindunji kudyetsa zomera. Komanso omnivores, monga anthu komanso. Iwo kudya kugwirizana woyamba ndi kusintha nkhani organic mkati mawonekedwe osiyana - inorganics.
3. zolengedwa zamiyendo Inayi ongoyendayenda ndi kudya carnivores. Popeza thunthu chitadutsa kale mu zinthu zina.
4. Kenako anthu zamoyo iwo amene ali kuyamwitsa mitundu zimadya. Top adani. Iwo - kugwirizana yomaliza kufalitsa nkhani organic. Akadzafa m'kupita chodzachita zinthu zotsatirazi.
5. Detritus - mabakiteriya, nkhungu, mogwirizana, amene kuwola ndinso zotsalira akufa wa zinthu zamoyo ndi kumasulira zinthu zonse mwa mawonekedwe zochita kupanga.
6. mankhwala awa (carbon dioxide, madzi ndi mchere mchere) ntchito mwa ndondomeko ya kulenga zomera mankhwala organic.

Choncho, vuto pano pa nkhaniyi mu chikhalidwe chithunzi akuganizira kutembenuka chigawo biosphere wamoyo. Umayamba onse ndiponso umatha ndi zomera chimodzimodzi. Full ozungulira ndondomeko yomwe ali ndi unyinji wa nthambi ndi ting'onoting'ono ta zovuta.

Makope zinthu topezeka kudera la

topezeka aliyense - ndi dera lonse la zamoyo, pamodzi ndi aliyense chibwenzi lovuta mawu chakudya, komanso mchikakamizo cha chofanana zachilengedwe.

Makope zinthu topezeka kudera umamumvera malamulo ena zachilengedwe. Choncho, kwenikweni okhwima subordination madera mphamvu. Kusinthana mphamvu zinthu makope zinthu zambiri - zonse izi zimachitika pakati pa anthu mkati mwa magulu anapatsidwa zachilengedwe.

Pa nthawi yomweyo iwo anawagawa m'magulu angapo:

• opanga;
• consuments kuti poyamba;
• consuments kuti lachiwiri;
• consuments kuti chitatu;
• zamoyo omnivorous;
• decomposers ndi detritus.

kasinthasintha wa zinthu chiwembu kuti ingaoneke monga izi:

• chomera (kubala) anapereka chinthu organic;
• zamiyendo Inayi nyama (consuments Choyamba) otembenuka mu organics zochita kupanga ndi zina;
• carnivore (consuments kuti wachiwiri) amasintha mu organics ena;
• apamwamba chilombo (consuments kuti chachitatu) kachiwiri pang'ono dissipates monga kutentha mwina mu mawonekedwe a limafotokoza zinthu mkati organic;
• tizilombo monga mabakiteriya, nkhungu, ndi zina (kapena decomposers detritophages), nyama akufa akhalabe kuwola ndinso ndi kupanga gulu la mankhwala zochita kupanga;
• zomera kuyamwa inorganics ndipo kachiwiri kulenga pogwiritsa chiwerengero cha mankhwala ofunika organic, kuti amapangidwa.

topezeka zinthu

Mwachionekere, mu topezeka imodzi mogwirizana pafupi mitundu iwiri chachikulu cha zinthu: organic ndi zochita kupanga. Wa organics ndi:

• mapuloteni;
• mafuta;
• chakudya.

mankhwala Mankwala monga:

• madzi;
• mpweya woipa;
• salt mchere;
• nambala ya macronutrients zofunika.

A chikhalidwe zofunika kwambiri uziyenda bwino za topezeka aliyense ali ndi nthenda zonse mwa mphamvu ya dzuwa. Ndipotu, zomera photosynthesize yekha pansi chikhalidwe ichi. Komanso, mphamvu kuti ndi mankhwala nsinga mankhwala ankakhala moyo wotayirira monga kutentha lalikulu zedi mokwanira. Choncho, otsatira sangathe zimafala mu chikhalidwe chomwecho popanda patsikulo.

Chiwembu mkombero zinthu dambo

Dambo - wapadera madera achilengedwe. Ndipotu, ndi yosiyana ndi ena onse, monga mitengo. kusiyana zimenezi?

1. Dambo chogwidwa ndi kokha mankhwala zomera ongokhala udzu osatha ndi pachaka otsika. Pankhaniyi, aliyense amasiyana. More kuwala wachikondi ndi kukula mkulu, ndi amene angakhale mu mithunzi, otsika.
2. Pakati izi palibe zinyama lalikulu. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti iwo sangathe malo kubisala, chifukwa alibe mitengo.
3. Nthawi pamene mvula danga lonse ladzala ndi meadows madzi. Choncho ena dzina - chigumula kapena chochuluka. Izi zikachitika pasakhale njira zolengedwa zonse zamoyo.

Ngati ife kulankhula za kufanana kwa dambo ndi nkhalango, mwachitsanzo, anthu am'deramo, m'pofunika kuti asonyeze mbali yaikulu: m'madera onse anthu oimira zomera, tizilombo makoswe, mbalame, nyama zokwawa, achule ndi nyama.

Chiwembu makope zinthu mu dambo akhoza kukhala ndi mtundu zotsatirazi:

• mchere zinthu ndi madzi amene ankadya mwachindunji ku chomera pansi;
• tizilombo mungu maluwa ndi kuwalola iwo kuti achulukane, pakudya timadzi tokoma kuti amapangidwa ndi nkhani mbewu organic;
• mbalame ndi nyama, kudya tizilombo zomera, ndi ndani ntchito organic nkhani;
• majeremusi amene kuwola ndinso zotsalira akufa kwa zomera ndi zinyama ndi kumasula zinthu zochita kupanga (salt mchere, madzi, mpweya woipa).

CHITSANZO mkombero pratensis

Ofunika maulalo onse anasonyeza chitsanzo. makope zinthu pa dambo la - chikhalidwe koyenera kuti kuli mudzi uno. nthaka akhoza apindula ndi zinthu zofunikira ndi zinthu kokha mu zinthu anthu ake - detritophages tizilombo, mphutsi, tizirombo ndi zolengedwa zina. Popanda chikhalidwe ichi, zomera adzakhala opanda inorganics dzuwa ndi kukula, ndipo chotero zidzakhala chikusoŵa nkhani organic kuti iwo amapanga. Monga wowuma, mapadi, mapuloteni, ndi ena. Izi kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha nyama ndi mbalame, motero nkhani organic ambiri. Lolani chifukwa ndi detritus, kotero kutanganidwa mkombero.

Makope zinthu mu dambo akhoza chitsanzo Mwachitsanzo kutchula. Tidzayensa kupanga chiwembu zimenezi.

• Mchere salt, madzi, carbon dioxide, mpweya amadya chamomile.
• Honeybee pollinates anasankha zomera ndi kudya mungu wake, mwachitsanzo chakudya mapuloteni.
• Bee ndi pern n'kumamujompha mwendo njuchi ndi kunyeketsa thupi lake organic mankhwala (chitin mapulotini, chakudya).
• Dambo vole ndi makoswe ena ang'ono ndi mitundu ikuluikulu kudya chigawo organic zomera ndi tizilombo.
• Kestrel (mbalame) adya makoswe ndi kunyeketsa zakudya.
• Pambuyo pa imfa ya zinyama zonse ndi tizilombo kugwa pansi, pamene thupi lawo linakwiriridwa mu mankhwala ake constituent wa yaying'ono-zamoyo, nyongolotsi, woodlice ndi feeders ena detritus.
• Chifukwa, nthaka kachiwiri ladzala ndi mchere zochita kupanga, madzi ndi mankhwala ena kuti kuyamwa chomera mizu.

Dera ndi magetsi

Makope zakudya ndi mphamvu, ngati ali bwino, ndi kugwirizana ndi mfundo za chilengedwe unyolo kapena kotunga maukonde. Inde, nkhani iliyonse - zakuthupi mankhwala akutumikira monga kumanga mfundo mapangidwe mbali structural maselo, zimakhala ndi ziwalo.

Aliyense dera magetsi amatipeza kumatanthauza kutembenuka ndi mankhwala ozungulira. A ndondomeko ya kaphatikizidwe ndi azingokhala chilichonse chofunika kapena kumasulidwa ndalama mphamvu. Choncho, nawonso nawo mkombero limodzi mu chikhalidwe.

N'chifukwa chiyani maganizo "unyolo" ndi "magulidwe akatundu"? Mfundo lonse ndi ubale pakati pa zamoyo mwa magulu chomwecho zachilengedwe kawirikawiri zambiri zovuta chabe unyolo kumveka wamba. Ndipotu, woimira womwewo wa dziko cinyama kukhala herbivore ndi chilombo. Pali zinthu omnivorous. Komanso, ambiri amalenga malo mpikisano kwa kupanga ndi chakudya, amene amakhudza dongosolo wonse wa ubale mkati biogeocoenose.

Koma mu milandu unyolo ndi zogwirizana kwambiri ndipo anapanga otchedwa mphamvu okwanira. Izi zimaonekera makamaka okhala m'madera ambiri: nkhalango, madera nyanja ya nkhalango zotentha ndi zina.

Onse unyolo chakudya akhoza kugawidwa mu mitundu iwiri:

• msipu kapena msipu;
• kuwonongeka, kapena detrital.

Chachikulu kusiyana pakati pa iwo ndi kuti mu nkhani zakale, izo zonse akuyamba ndi zamoyo - zomera. Lachiwiri - ndi zotsalira akufa, chimbudzi ndi madipoziti ena amene kukonzedwa ndi tizilombo, mphutsi ndi zina zotero.

kusintha mphamvu

Mphamvu, komanso zinthu, kulandira angapo kusintha njira zako ku zimadalirana. Zonse za izo lagawidwa mitundu ikuluikulu iwiri:

• dzuwa;
• mankhwala kumangigwa.

Pomanga unyolo kotunga mphamvu chabe atatembenuzidwa mawonekedwe wina ndi mzake. Choncho pali imfa tsankho zake. Mmalo mwake, khama pa zamoyo lililonse kuti ankakhala moyo wotayirira monga kutentha. Ndicho chifukwa chake kuli kofunika kuti dzuwa mphamvu monga limatiphunzitsa restocking zonse mudzi.

Mwachindunji mu mawonekedwe a kuwala kwa dzuwa, izo kukhoza zamoyo okha monga:

• zomera;
• mabakiteriya,
• photosynthesis unicellular.

Pambuyo pawo, onse mphamvu zipita mawonekedwe zotsatirazi - nsinga mankhwala mankhwala. Mu mawonekedwe kudandaula oimira heterotrophic ku biosphere lapansi.

Kayendedwe ka madzi

Takambirana kale anasonyeza kuti ndondomeko zofunika kwambiri ndi mbiri yakale yofunika - ndi kupalasa njinga ya nkhani m'chilengedwe. Madzi ndi pawiri zochita kupanga, lomwe kufunika kwambiri makamaka zazikulu. Motero, izo zimachitika kufalitsidwa, tiganizire mawu ambiri.

1. A yaikulu madzi anaikira padziko lathuli mu malo a mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ichi ndi nyanja ndi nyanja, zithaphwi, mitsinje, nyanja, mitsinje, nyumba yokumba. Padziko pali evaporation zonse chinyezi, i.e. madzi mu mawonekedwe a nthunzi akulowa mlengalenga.
2. Nthaka monga gawo ake akunja ndi mkati, mulinso kwambiri chinyezi. Izi mobisa kapena pansi madzi. Pa pamwamba pa nthunzi kwa mlengalenga, ndi zigawo lamkati amalowa Madamu, ndiyeno chamunthuyo.
3. Kumaundanitsa mu mlengalenga, madzi pang'onopang'ono kufika pazipita ndipo akuyamba kubwerera ku dziko mu maonekedwe a mpweya. M'nyengo yozizira, ndi chisano m'chilimwe - mvula.
4. Zimagwidwa kukhala wochitachita mu mayamwidwe ndi transpiration wa madzi mozemba mwa kuchuluka yaikulu izo.

Choncho, madzi amayendera, ndi vuto la nkhani m'chilengedwe kupereka boma wabwinobwino wa topezeka aliyense, motero zamoyo.

Kuphunzira mkombero chuma ku pulayimale

Kuti ana ali chithunzithunzi cha mmene kusintha cyclical mu chikhalidwe, kuwauza kuti ayenera kukhala ndi magawo koyamba maphunziro. Anyamata ayenera kudziwa zimene vuto la vuto. Kalasi 3 - nthawi yoyenera kwathunthu. Nthawi imeneyi, ana okulirapo kuti limvetse mokwanila ndi kuphunzira zambiri za mtundu umenewu.

Mapologalamu ambiri maphunziro dziko kunja ukufanizidwa ndi chiwembu wabwino, "vuto la vuto. 3 kalasi." Limangotsatira Mitundu ya kusinthika kwa madzi, chinthu unyolo chakudya, amene ali enieni aliyense topezeka.

Est chithunzi mkombero zinthu ophunzira wamng'ono akhoza kutenga maonekedwe a: madzi ndi mchere zinthu zomera - thunthu organic nyama - madzi ndi mchere salt pambuyo pa imfa ya nyama ndi zomera.

Gawo lirilonse ayenera anafotokoza zitsanzo ndi nkhani mapangidwe kumvetsa bwino njira zachilengedwe zikuchitika.