Ndende masinthidwe amtundu: mfundo chilinganizo. Transport zinthu mu nembanemba kwachilengedwenso

ndende ndi chiyani? Kulankhula monzama, chiŵerengero ndi buku zakuthupi ndi chiwerengero cha particles kusungunuka mmenemo. tanthauzo izi zimapezeka mu nthambi ambiri osiyanasiyana a sayansi, kwa sayansi ndi masamu, mathero nzeru. Pankhaniyi, funso ntchito mfundo "ndende" mu zamoyo ndi zimapangidwira.

masinthidwe amtundu

Tamasulira kuchokera ku Latin, amatanthauza "kukula" kapena "Kuyenda", ndiye pali "kuloza chala", zimene zikusonyeza malangizo omwe ukuwonjezeka uliwonse phindu. Mwachitsanzo, akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito Mwachitsanzo, kutalika pamwamba pa nyanja pa mfundo zosiyanasiyana za Earth. Ake (kutalika) ndi masinthidwe amtundu uliwonse mfundo mapu zikusonyeza kuti munthu vekitala cha kuchuluka kwa mfundo kukwaniritsa kuwuka otsetsereka.

Mu masamu, mawu anaonekera kokha m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi mochedwa. Iwo unayamba ndi Maxwell ndipo anapereka zizindikiro zawo zoopsa izi. Sayansi ntchito mfundo imeneyi pofuna kufotokoza za magetsi ndi Mphamvu kumunda, kusintha mphamvu zogonjetsera mavutowo.

Osati sayansi, komanso maphunziro ena a sayansi ntchito mawu akuti "masinthidwe amtundu". Mfundo imeneyi mwina zizionetsa Mkhalidwe ndi kachulukidwe mapangidwe zinthu, mwachitsanzo, ndende kapena kutentha.

ndende masinthidwe amtundu

ndi masinthidwe amtundu tsopano amadziwika ndi zimene ndende chiyani? Ndi mtengo wachibale amene amasonyeza chiwerengero cha zinthu zili yankho. Iwo akhoza deducted monga peresenti ndi kulemera, timadontho-timadontho kapena maatomu mu mpweya (njira), chiwerengero cha lonse. zosangalatsa lonse kumatithandiza kusonyeza pafupifupi chiŵerengero iliyonse. Ndipo osati sayansi kapena zamoyo, komanso mu sayansi ndi akamabadwa.

Ambiri, anthu ambiri masinthidwe amtundu ndi munthu vekitala wambiri, amenenso amadziwika ndi kuchuluka ndi malangizo a kusintha kwa thunthu mu sing'anga.

tanthauzo

Kodi n'zotheka kuwerengera ndende masinthidwe amtundu? Chilinganizo koma makamaka pakati kusintha chiyambidwe cha mankhwala ndi njira yaitali ndende kuti adzakhala ndi kugonjetsa chinthu kukwaniritsa bwino pakati pa njira ziwiri. Mwamasamu, imeneyi yafotokozedwera ndi chilinganizo C = DC / DL.

Pamaso pa ndende masinthidwe amtundu pakati zipangizo awiri ndi chifukwa kusanganikirana awo. Ngati particles kusuntha kwa dera la ndende apamwamba kwa m'munsi, ndiye amatchedwa mayamwidwe, ndi ngati pakati pawo pali semipermeable chotchinga - osmosis.

zoyendera yogwira

Udakali chabe zoyendera amasonyeza kayendedwe ka zinthu kudutsa nembanemba kapena zigawo maselo amoyo okhalapo: mogwirizana, zomera, nyama ndi anthu. ndondomeko izi zikuchitika ntchito mphamvu ikukhudzana kuyambira kusintha imagwiridwa zinthu ndi ndende masinthidwe amtundu ku ocheperapo kuti zikuluzikulu. The kaŵirikaŵiri kwa mogwirizana ngati ntchito adenosine triphosphate kapena ATP - molekyulu kuti ndi zosunthika mphamvu 38 Joule.

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ATP, yomwe ili pa nembanemba maselo. Mphamvu zopezeka iwo anamasulidwa pamene kulanda zinthu kudzera otchedwa mapampu ndi maselo. Izi pores mpanda selo kuti kusankha kuyamwa ndi kupopa electrolyte ayoni. Komanso, pali chitsanzo cha yonyamulirapo symport. Pankhaniyi, nthawi yomweyo kusamutsidwa zinthu ziwiri: chimodzi ukatuluka mwa selo, ndi zina amazipeza izo. Izi amapulumutsa mphamvu.

zoyendera vesicular

Udakali chabe zoyendera zikuphatikizapo yonyamula zinthu mwa mawonekedwe a thovu kapena vesicles, kotero njira akutchedwa, motero, zoyendera vesicular. Pali mitundu iwiri:

1. Endocytosis. Pankhaniyi, thovu amayambira ku selo nembanemba ku mayamwidwe ndondomeko yake zolimba kapena zakumwa. Vesicles akhoza kukhala yosalala kapena m'mbali. Njira imeneyi kudya ndi dzira maselo oyera, ndi epithelium aimpso.
2. Exocytosis. Monga dzina zikusonyeza, ichi ndi osiyanitsidwa wa munthu m'mbuyomu. Iwo ali organelles mwa selo (mwachitsanzo, Golgi zida), amene "odzaza" Thupi mu vesicles, ndipo kenako kupyolera mwa Kakhungu lapansi.

zoyendera chabe: mayamwidwe

Movement wa ndende masinthidwe amtundu (okwezeka otsika) limapezeka popanda kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu. Pali mitundu iwiri zoyendera chabe - ndi osmosis ndi mayamwidwe. Yotsirizira ndi losavuta ndi opepuka.

Osmosis Chachikulu kusiyana ndi kuti ndondomeko ya mamolekyulu kusuntha kumachitika mwa Kakhungu semipermeable. A mayamwidwe pamodzi ndende masinthidwe amtundu amapezeka maselo kukhala imakhala ndi zigawo ziwiri za mamolekyulu zamadzimadzi. zoyendera malangizo zimatengera chokha chiwerengero cha zinthu pa mbali zonse za Kakhungu lapansi. Mu njira iyi, maselo kudutsa zinthu hydrophobic, molekyulu kumalo ozizira, urea, ndi sangalowerere mapulotini, dzuwa, ayoni ndi DNA.

Mu ndondomeko mayamwidwe, mamolekyulu amakhala kudzaza dziko lonse kupezeka buku, komanso kuti agwirizane ndende pa mbali zonse za Kakhungu lapansi. Pa nthawi imene Kakhungu ndi impermeable kapena bwino permeable kwa thunthu. Pankhaniyi, sukhala mphamvu osmotic kuti angathe kupanga lolemererapo chotchinga ndi kutambasula izo ndi kukula kukula kwa ikukoka njira.

ntchito mayamwidwe

Pamene ndende masinthidwe amtundu singakwane kunyamula zinthu kuthandiza mapuloteni yeniyeni. Iwo zili pa selo nembanemba chimodzimodzi monga ATP mamolekyulu. Uyamiko kwa Iye, zimakhala udakali chabe zoyendera.

Mu njira iyi, kudzera Kakhungu ndi tinthu lalikulu (mapuloteni, DNA), zinthu kumalo ozizira, monga amino zidulo ndi dzuwa, ayoni. Chifukwa cha nawo ndalama zoyendera mapulotini ndi chinawonjezeka ndi kangapo poyerekeza ochiritsira mayamwidwe. Koma mathamangitsidwe izi kumatengera zifukwa zingapo:

• mankhwala masinthidwe amtundu mkati ndi kunja kwa chipinda;
• kuchuluka kwa maselo chonyamulira;
• mlingo kumangako chinthu ndi chonyamulira;
• limbikitsa mumtima pamwamba pa khungu nembanemba.

Ngakhale izi, zoyendera imachitidwa chifukwa cha ntchito mapulotini chotengera, ndipo ATP mphamvu mu nkhani iyi si ntchito.

Zinthu zofunika zomwe adziwerenga mayamwidwe, ndi:

1. Quick kulanda zinthu.
2. Selectivity zoyendera.
3. Machulukitsidwe (pamene mapuloteni onse wotanganidwa).
4. Mpikisano pakati pa zinthu (chifukwa kuyandikana kwa mapuloteni ndi).
5. Kudziwa wothandizila yeniyeni mankhwala - zoletsa.

osmosis

Monga tanena osmosis - kayendedwe ka zinthu pamodzi ndende masinthidwe amtundu kudutsa nembanemba semipermeable. The yonse osmosis ndondomeko limafotokoza Le Chatelier-Braun mfundo. Iwo akunena kuti ngati dongosolo ali mu mgwirizano, mphamvu kuchokera kunja, izo adzatengera analili poyamba. koyamba ndi osmosis chodabwitsa nawo mu zaka za m'ma XVIII, koma ndiye iye sanali ngofunika kwambiri. Kuphunzira chodabwitsa anayamba kokha zaka handiredi kenako.

Chofunika kwambiri chodabwitsa osmosis ndi theka-permeable Kakhungu wakupambana kudzera yokha yokha mamolekyulu wa awiri ena kapena katundu. Mwachitsanzo, awiri njira ndi osiyana woipa, pa chotchinga ndidzadutsa okha zosungunulira. Izi adzapitiriza bola ngati ndende pa mbali zonse za Kakhungu Sadzathandiza chimodzimodzi.

Osmosis n'chofunikira kwambiri moyo selo. zodabwitsazi limachititsa kudutsa iwo okhawo zinthu zomwe ndi zofunika pa moyo. Red Kakhungu maselo a magazi ndi permeable yekha kuti madzi, mpweya ndi chakudya, koma mapuloteni amene anapanga mkati ndi maselo ofiira a magazi, sangatuluke.

osmosis napeza tiligwiritse ntchito pamoyo wawo. Ngakhale mosazindikira, anthu m'kati brining chakudya ntchito mfundo za kayendedwe ka tinthu pamodzi ndende masinthidwe amtundu. Zimalimbikitsa saline "anatambasula" pamwamba pa zonse za madzi mankhwala, potero kulola iwo kusungidwa yaitali.