Ndi lysosomes zimene: kapangidwe, kapangidwe ndi ntchito ya lysosomes

Monga selo amatha "kupukusa" zinthu kuti amagwa cytoplasm chiyani? Yankho tingalipeze akamagwira kukambirana zimene lysosomes. Kapangidwe chawo n'chiyani? Chifukwa momwe katundu wa organelles awa ali wokhoza kuchita ntchito yake?

Lysosomes. Features ya kapangidwe ndi ntchito

Lysosome - ichi maselo organoid ndi za 0.2 microns kukula, atazungulira Kakhungu ndipo munali michere hydrolytic. The Ntchito yaikulu thovu amenewa ndi akuwaza zinthu anadzetsa selo ndi endocytosis, kapena mamolekyulu awo, amene sanalinso ofunikira.

ndi kapangidwe ka lysosomes mu dongosolo chiyani?

Pogawanikana pamawere kapena zipangizo kudzitsitsa mwa hydrolases - michere angathe kugwira ntchito mu sing'anga acidic. Kuti tikhale ndi otsika pH, ndi ophatikizidwa mu lysosome Kakhungu ATPase vacuolar-mtundu (V-mtundu). Kapangidwe zosonyeza zovuta walola kutulutsa ndi ndende masinthidwe amtundu wa mapulotoni wa hydrogen, potero kuwonjezera chiwerengero chawo mtima wa organelles chilengedwe.

Hydrolase zitha ntchito mu malo acidic. Iwo amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri zodzitetezera T. Kwa. Mu a cytoplasm wa khungu ndi malo ndi pafupifupi ndale. Ngati lysosomes Kakhungu mwanjira owonongeka ndi michere anali cytosol, iwo anataya mphamvu zawo kugwetsa zinthu ndi organelles.

Lysosome Kakhungu imakhala ndi mbale ndi micellar malo. The mipata pakati pa zigawo wa phospholipids ndizodzazidwa ndi madzi. Pa malo nembanemba anamwazikana pores ambiri amene ali odzazidwa ndi madzi ndipo akhoza kutseka ndi tinthu kumalo ozizira. Chotero mbali zovuta za dongosolo Kakhungu kenako kumapangitsa kudutsa organelles ndi hydrophobic ndi hydrophilic mamolekyulu.

Kodi kupanga lysosomes

Mapuloteni anafunika kumanga lysosomes ali poyamba apanga mu EPR. Kenako, ayenera "opatsidwa" mwa kuika mannose zotsalira. Izi zotsalira mannose ndi mbendera enieni Golgi zida: mapuloteni wambiri malo amodzi, kenako apanga vial ndi michere lytic. Ndizimene lysosome mu zamoyo.

The internals wa lysosomes ndi

Kodi lysosome ndi zimene zikuchokera chilengedwe mkati mwa organelles izi?

Mkati lysosomes amapereka malo acidic, pH wa imene imafikira 4.5-5. Zikatero, ndi michere angachichite pogawanikana pamawere ake ntchito. Hydrolase - ndi dzina wamba gulu la michere. Monga lysosome lili 40 mamolekyulu biologically yogwira amene catalyze anachita yake yeniyeni mwamtheradi.

Monga mbali ya nkhani mkati mwa michere lysosome angapezeke zotsatirazi:

• asidi phosphatase - cleaves mankhwala okhala ndi magulu mankwala;
• nuclease - wawononga zidulo mkati ;
• protease - cleaves mapuloteni;
• collagenase - wawononga mamolekyulu ya kolajeni;
• Lipase - cleaves esters ;
• Glycosidase - imathandizira zochita zimam'patsa pogawanikana pamawere;
• asparaginase - cleaves aspartic asidi;
• glutaminase - wawononga asidi glutamic.

Monga lysosomes lili 40 hydrolases osiyana. Choncho, funso kodi lysosome, mu zamoyo zikhoza anayankha kuti: nkhokwe ya michere.

mitundu ya lysosomes

Kuonetsetsa mitundu 4 lysosomes: lysosomes pulayimale ndi sekondale, ntchito autophagic ndi maselo yotsalira.

lysosomes Education - ndondomeko zovuta zomwe limodzi pogwiritsa ntchito mamolekyulu zosiyanasiyana kusonyeza padziko EPR ndi matenda oopsa. Pulayimale lysosome - kuwira ang'ono amene lamamatira kuchokera nembanemba wa zida za Golgi.

lysosome chachikulu poyamba lili zovuta lonse la michere anafunika kugwetsa macromolecules.

Secondary lysosome - nyumba imeneyi, buku lalikulu. Iwo aumbike mwa merging ndi zofunika kuwira zinthu amakodwa ndi endocytosis kapena zinthu kagayidwe selo kuti ayenera kutayidwa.

mapangidwe autophagosome amagwirizana ndi ndondomeko monga autophagy - mayamwidwe ndi "chosinkhasinkha" kuutsiriza organelles selo.

Kutalika avareji mitochondria masiku 10. Pamene organelle sangathe kugwira ntchito yake, ziyenera kutayidwa. Chifukwa chaichi, ndi kuchuluka kwa lysosomes pulayimale ndi mitochondria akuzinga ali cholukanalukana. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anapanga autophagosome zikuluzikulu mkati limene limayamba komanso yogawanika mitochondria mu monomers.

ndi lysosomes mu mawonekedwe a ng'ombe yotsalira chiyani? Izi mfundo yomaliza ya ntchito kwa lysosomes kulikonse kumene michere achita ntchito zawo, ndi organelle anali zinthu sindingakhoze kupita akuwaza zina. zotsala Undigested Kungoti kunja kwa khola.

Matenda kugwirizana ndi matenda a lysosomes ndi

Michere si nthawi zonse ntchito bwino. Lysosomes akuwaza ntchito anachita kokha pamene hydrolase alibe monyanyira mu dongosolo la. Choncho, ambiri mwa matenda kugwirizana ndi lysosomes, zochokera wonongeka wa enzyme ndi.

zolakwika zimenezi zimatchedwa matenda yosungirako. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuchepa kwa enzyme gawo lapansi waukulu chabe si digested mu lysosome, chifukwa cha zimene chimamangirira ndi amachititsa mavuto.

Sfingolipidoz, Tay-Sachs matenda, matenda Sendhoffa, matenda Niemann kuwasankha, leukodystrophy - onse a matenda amenewa ali oyanjana ndi wonongeka wa lysosomal enzyme kapena kusapezeka wawo wonse. matenda ambiri recessive m'chilengedwe.