Njira kuswana

Maziko a bwino kuswana iliyonse - zosiyanasiyana majini zakuthupi ndi kusankha njira. Ntchito zomangira yaiwisi zimathandiza kupeza hybrids latsopano ndi mitundu, ndi zosiyanasiyana ndipo katundu. Maziko a kusankha anaika asayansi ambiri otchuka m'dzikoli:

- Mendel (anaika maziko a chibadwa, anapeza mfundo discreteness a);

- Darwin (anayambitsa chiphunzitso cha anayambira, anakhala zambiri zatsopano pa Kuoloka);

- T. Fairchild (mu 1717 analandira choyamba hybrids yokumba cloves);

- I. Gerasimov (anatsegula kusintha chiwerengero cha mitima ndi kusintha cholowa kugwirizana ndi kusintha);

- M. F. Ivanov (anayambitsa mfundo majini mu kuswana nyama) ;

- N. K. Koltsov (kulenga maziko chibadwa maselo).

- Ni Vavilov (anapeza lamulo ija magazi);

- I. V. Michurin (anabweretsa hybrids ambiri zipatso).

The njira zoyambirira za zomera kuswana ndi nyama yapangidwa pamaziko a atulukira m'mbuyomo ndi bwino chiyambireni. Obereketsa ntchito yawo ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana kusankha: inbreeding, mutagenesis yokumba, polyploidy, mwakusakaniza. M'munsimu muli njira kaŵirikaŵiri ntchito kuswana zomera ndi nyama zamoyo zina.

The njira waukulu kuswana chomera: mwakusakaniza ndi kusankha. Cross-mungu wochokera zomera selektsioniruyut ndi kusankha misa za anthu amene ali ndi katundu zofunika. Mizere changwiro kwambiri, umene ndi homogeneity majini mitundu, ntchito kusankha munthu, zimene kudziletsa kubereketsa zomera zimatheka ndi kupeza mbadwa limodzi la munthu, omwe ali mbali zonse zabwino. The sangathe njira ndi nthawi yomweyo pafupipafupi anati mawonetseredwe chowawa imene imachititsa recessive. Chifukwa chachikulu ichi ndi kusuntha ambiri majini m'chigawo homozygous. M'kupita kwa nthawi, kudzikundikira majini recessive ZOOPSA kudutsa mu boma homozygous, angachititse chowawa kusintha cholowa. Zinthu zachilengedwe, zomera kudzikonda mungu ndi chibadwa recessive ndi kunditumiza ku mkhalidwe homozygotes ndi mbewu mwamsanga akamwalira.

Ngati njira kudzimvera kubereketsa zomera kawirikawiri mukolole zochepa. Kusintha makhalidwe ake mtanda kubereketsa zomera zosiyanasiyana zomera kudzikonda mungu ndi mizere ndi mkulu-ololera hybrids. njira zimenezi kusankha amatchedwa Chigiriki mwakusakaniza. Iwo ali zipatso pamwamba pa hybrids m'badwo woyamba. Pankhaniyi, pali zotsatira odziwika a heterosis, malinga ndi zimene hybrids wamphamvu akamagwira kudutsa 'wangwiro' mizere. Iwo kugonjetsedwa ndi mavuto, chifukwa kwathetsa kuipa kwa majini recessive, ndi mgwirizano wamphamvu lalikulu majini zomera kholo timapitiriza zotsatira.

Nthawi zambiri, kusankha zomera zosiyanasiyana ntchito polyploidy experimental. zomera Choncho analandira ndi chachikulu, kupereka kukolola ndi kukwera mofulumira. polyploids yokumba analandira atamwa mankhwala mankhwala kuti kuchepetseratu kulekanitsa spindle. Chifukwa, kawiri DNA kukhalabe pakati limodzi.

mitundu yatsopano ya linanena bungwe ndi ntchito mutagenesis yokumba. Lake, limene chifukwa cha masinthidwe ndi katundu watsopano, ali ndi umoyo ofooka, ngati kusankha zamoyo likuchotsedwa. Kusankha ndi zamoyo wa mitundu yatsopano ndi Mitundu chofunika anthu osowa kuti ndi ndale kapena yabwino masinthidwe.

njira kuswana nyama musati amasiyana njira zofunika kuswana kubzala. Kugwira nawo - kubalana kugonana ndi ana ang'ono. Kusankha makolo ndi mtundu wa crossbreeding ikuchitika ndi zolinga zina anapereka breeder lapansi. nyama zonse anayamikira osati mwa chikhalidwe chawo zakunja komanso khalidwe ndi chiyambi cha ana. Choncho ndikofunika kudziwa makolo awo. The zambiri ntchito kusankha kuswana njira 2:

- inbreeding (yogwirizana) - anawoloka makolo, alongo, abale. ndizi uwu sungakhoze unachitikira kalekale. Izo ntchito, monga ulamuliro, kusintha katundu wa thanthwe;

- outbreeding (ndi sikuthandiza) - mwakusakaniza chimodzi kapena oimira Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi okhwima kusankha mbewu ndi katundu bwino.

Mwakusakaniza nyama zambiri molongosoka kuposa mbewu mwakusakaniza. Chotero hybrids interspecific kawirikawiri wosabala.