Chikhazikitso cha chibadwa

Mu sayansi yamakono ya chibadwa monga maziko anaikidwa asayansi kwambiri ku Czech Republic Mendel. Iye ndiye anali mu 1865 anapanga mndandanda wa zinthu zatsopano pa crossbreeding mbewu mtola ndipo pa maziko a zotsatira anakonza za amanena kuti ndondomeko ya cholowa ndi chifukwa kukhalapo ndi kayendedwe ka ena particles apawokha. Komanso, Mendel ndi Ndili ndi katundu chiyambidwe cha ndondomeko chibadwa, ndicho chokhacho chakuti alibe khalidwe wapakatikati.

Kenako, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana makumi awiri kale, Mendel mfundo anali anatsimikizira ndi kuyesera, kumene ndi zomwe zagwiridwa H. De Frizo ndi K. Correns. Mawu akuti "chibadwa" mkati tanthauzo la dzina la sayansi yatsopano anaonekera kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mabuku a English zachilengedwe William Betsona, ndipo mu 1909, akuyendayenda ndizosowa chibadwa Mendel, Dane B. Johansen anadzetsa sayansi aziyenda gulu "jini" amatanthauza particles apawokha kwambiri, Kodi kunadzetsa Mendel.

Lingaliro kiyi m'munda wa chibadwa ndi chibadwa. kumvetsa ake zochokera kuzindikira katundu wa zamoyo zonse kudali pa makhalidwe awo tinatengera. Zimenezi amaperekedwa ndi luso lawo kukhala zizindikiro zawo khalidwe kwa nthawi yaitali. Pankhaniyi, komanso zofunika chibadwa katundu luso anazindikira kuti kusintha phenotypic ndi makhalidwe genotypic. Mundawu anadzatchedwa masiyanidwe ndi analidi, kuti ife tsopano kuvomereza kuti chifukwa cha chibadwa ndi kuswana.

Kunena zoona, zamakono zonse chibadwa ngongole chowaloleza awo kwa zikamera ndi kukula kwa kafukufuku umisiri watsopano. Only pa mfundo imeneyi kunakhala kotheka kukhazikitsa ndi kutsimikizira kamba experimentally ofunika a ongolankhula ndi Akutsatira chibadwa, kapangidwe ndi zikuchokera zidulo mkati, iwo saloledwa kuti awulule malamulo a malamulo chibadwa, sonyezani experimental ndi kufotokoza kwa mlingo wa masitepe chiphunzitso biosynthetic. Mu mawu, ndizosowa cha chibadwa, anaika mu 19 mochedwa - m'ma 20, anakhala chifukwa chimene lero zikukwaniritsidwa m'madera ambiri a sayansi majini: chibadwa maselo ndi zamoyo zinachita, malo jini ndi immunogenetics, chibadwa zachipatala ndi ena.

The ndondomeko ya kuwonjezeka zonse za kuthengo kafukufuku chibadwa zinachititsa kuti kuwonjezeka kwambiri, ndi kuphunzira phunziro yake sayansi m'njira zamakono, phunziro la sayansi ya chibadwa ndi kuphunzira malamulo ambiri ndiponso zofunika cha chibadwa ndi kusintha. Maziko wazotsatira kwa khalidwe la kafukufuku amenewa ndi deta phenotypic.

Pa chitukuko cha sayansi majini unakhazikitsidwa zida categorical ya sayansi, ndipo lero pafupifupi aliyense ophunzira ndithu momasuka ukugwira ndi mfundo monga, jini fenotayipi, genotype ndi ena. Komanso, magulu ena a chibadwa "anagwidwa" ndi maphunziro ena a sayansi, kuphatikizapo mu chikhalidwe. Iwo posonyeza zinthu zenizeni ndi zikhalidwe za anthu ndi nyumba yake, yodziwika ndi luso kukhalabe okhazikika ake, polojekiti, ndi kuonetsetsa kupitiriza mu kufala kwa makhalidwe moyo ndi chikhalidwe.

ndizosowa Zamakono za chibadwa zachokera kuzindikira angapo zakudya;

- chibadwa ali bwinobwino zofunika ndi apawokha chizindikiro, kuonetsetsa viability wa zamoyo;

- kuti kusintha majini ndi muzu wa zikamera ndi kukula kwa zosiyanasiyana lonse la zamoyo zinachita kusanduka awo;

- mbali hereditarily ma mbali mamolekyulu DNA ndi RNA kuti atumikire monga onyamula akulu a zofotokoza cholowa;

- kuwonekera kwa payekha lililonse mitundu amaperekedwa zochita amuzolengedwa yokhudza majini ndi kupereka mfundo zogwirizana za chizindikiro chinachake;

- mfundo majini yokha ili mu phata selo.

Pamaziko a zinthu zimenezi akhala anakonza chiphunzitso, zomwe lero kupanga maziko a chibadwa ofunika. Pakati pawo, malo ofunika kwambiri wotanganidwa ndi monga chiphunzitso cha mtanda monohybrid, ikutchedwa ndi dzina la Mlengi wake - Gregor malamulo Mendel ya umboni wa osakaniza, ndi chiphunzitso ena chromosomal.