Phula wa hydrogen: katundu ndi Mapulogalamu

Phula wa hydrogen - mmodzi wa limati akaphatikiza a haidrojini. Kuonetsetsa kwambiri gaseous ndi olimba boma la mchitidwe uwu. Ndipo ngati mawonekedwe gaseous ndi bwino kuti ambiri, awiri otsalawo limati kwambiri mafunso.

nkhani

Phula wa hydrogen wakhala analandira okha mmasate Mu zaka zapitazo, koma umagwirira wabwera kutali pa zomwe njira yosungirako mpweya ndi ntchito.

Refrigeration experimentally anayamba ntchito mu zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu mu England. Mu 1984 iye analandira liquefied woipa sulfure ndi ammonia. Pamaziko a maphunziro awa, zaka makumi awiri patapita anakamba firiji woyamba, ndi zaka makumi atatu Perkins Chatuluka ndi setifiketi boma kuti chidali chifuniro chake. Mu 1851, mbali ina ya Atlantic Dzhon Gori ananena pa Ufulu wa kulengedwa kwa wofewetsa mpweya.

Kuti wa hydrogen zinafika yekha mu 1885, pamene Pole Wroblewski analengeza m'nkhani wake kuti kuwira mfundo za mchitidwe uwu 23 Kelvin, kutentha nsonga - 33 Kelvin, ndi kuthamanga zino ndi 13 atmospheres. Pambuyo mawu amenewa kulenga wa hydrogen madzi anayesa Dzheyms Dyuar m'zaka 19 mochedwa, koma mtendere wa thunthu anali chinachitika.

thupi katundu

Izi boma akaphatikiza amakhala ndi zinthu zochepa kwambiri kachulukidwe - hundredths magalamu pa centimeter kiyubiki. Izi zimathandiza kuti ntchito muli ochepa kusunga wa hydrogen madzi. Kuwira mfundo ndi Kelvin 20 okha (-252 Celsius) ndi mankhwala amaundana kale pa madigiri 14 Kelvin.

The madzi alibe fungo, mtundu ndi kukoma. Kuwasakaniza ndi mpweya zikhoza kuphulika theka la milandu. Akafike kuwira mfundo ya haidrojeni zipita boma gaseous ndi buku ukuwonjezeka mwa nthawi 850.

Pambuyo liquefaction a haidrojini aikidwa mu muli lotsekedwa, amene mothandizidwa ndi mochedwerako ndi kutentha osiyanasiyana kuchokera 15 mpaka 19 Kelvin.

kuwanda wa hydrogen

Phula wa hydrogen amapangidwa chongopeka ndi mu chilengedwe zimachokeradi. Ngati mulibe kuganizira limati akaphatikiza, haidrojeni - amafotokozera wambiri osati Padziko Lapansi koma m'chilengedwe chonse. Amakhala ndi nyenyezi (kuphatikizapo Sun athu), iwo anadzazidwa danga pakati pawo. Haidrojeni mtsikanayu zimene maphatikizidwe nyukiliya, ndipo akhoza kupanga mtambo.

Pansi pa dzikoli kuti mchitidwe ali peresenti zokha za limodzi mwa kuchuluka okwana thunthu. udindo wake topezeka athu Akuti chakuti chiwerengero cha maatomu wa hydrogen lachiwiri nambala okha oxygen. Padziko lathuli, pafupifupi onse m'matangadza wa H ₂ omangidwa. Haidrojeni - chigawo chimodzi cha zolengedwa zonse zamoyo.

ntchito

Phula wa hydrogen (kutentha madigiri -252 Celsius) amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati nkhungu kwa kusungiramo mafuta ndi zina zotumphukira mafuta woyengeka. Ndiponso, panopa anakhazikitsa mayendedwe lingaliro kuti andilole kugwiritsa ntchito haidrojeni liquefied monga mafuta m'malo gasi. Ichi chikanapha kuchepetsa ndalama yopanga zinthu zofunika kwambiri ndi kuchepetsa mpweya. Koma bola ngati kamangidwe mulingo woyenera kwambiri injini ndipo sanapezedwa.

Phula wa hydrogen chimagwiritsidwa ntchito monga sayansi refrigerant mu mayesero awo ndi neutrons. Popeza unyinji wa particles ndi maziko ndi phata wa hydrogen ndi pafupifupi wofanana, mphamvu kuwombola ndi kothandiza kwambiri therebetween.

Phindu ndi Zopinga

Phula wa hydrogen chimathandiza pang'onopang'ono Kutentha ya mpweya ndi kuchepetsa mpweya woipa, ngati ntchito ngati mafuta galimoto. Mu wake mogwirizana ndi mpweya (pambuyo kudutsa mkati kuyaka injini) chifuniro zokolola madzi zazing'ono tochepa nitric okusayidi.

Komabe, lingaliro ili lili ndi mavuto ake, mwachitsanzo, njira yosungirako mpweya ndi kayendedwe, komanso ndi chiopsezo cha moto kapena kuphulika. Ngakhale poganiza kuti miyezo asachite kuteteza evaporation a haidrojini sizingatheke.

chopopera

Phula wa hydrogen (yosungirako kutentha 20 Kelvin) ndi chigawo chimodzi cha chopopera. Zikuyenera ntchito zingapo:

1. Yozizira zigawo zikuluzikulu injini ndi kuteteza nozzle ku kutenthedwa.
2. Kupeza ndodo pambuyo kuyanjana ndi mpweya ndi magetsi.

Modern roketi injini ntchito pa osakaniza wa hydrogen-oxygen. Izi zimathandiza kuti tikwaniritse liwiro adafuna kuthetsa kukopa kwa dziko lapansi, ndi kusunga zonse za ndege, popanda kuwagwiritsa kutsogoleredwa ndi kutentha.

Panopa pali roketi, amene kwathunthu amagwiritsa wa hydrogen monga mafuta. Nthawi zambiri, haidrojeni madzi zofunika kulekana kwa chombo siteji chapamwamba kapena zipangizo, amene kugwira kwambiri ntchito mu zingalowe m'malo a. Kuyambira ofufuza zinali mfundo yogwiritsa ntchito theka mazira mawonekedwe amafotokozera kuti kuonjezera kachulukidwe ake.