Nthaka mbiri: mitundu ndi mafotokozedwe

Makhalidwe a dothi kuti aone phindu N'zosatheka kuphunzira mbiri nthaka. Ndichiyani ndipo kodi mitundu ya mbiri, kuwerenga nkhaniyi.

mbiri nthaka

The ndondomeko ya mapangidwe dothi amakhudza makolo thanthwe migodi, umene katundu nthaka zosiyanasiyana malangizo choimirira. Pali kusintha nthawi zonse zikuchokera kwa nthaka padziko ku mozama maziko olimba, amene sanali bwanji nthaka mapangidwe ndondomeko. Zimachitika pang'onopang'ono. Mbiri nthaka anapanga mchikakamizo cha zinthu zina. The akuluakulu ndi:

• Zinthu kulowa vertically mu nthaka mumlengalenga kapena kuchokera pansi. m'gulu lawo zimadalira mtundu wa dothi mapangidwe ndi zolowa zaka ndi nyengo.
• Kufalitsa machitidwe ofukula muzu wa zomera kuti moyo nyama m'nthaka, tizilombo.

Onse a M'maso mwa nthaka mbiri ndi inakula. Pa nthawi imene nthaka zigawo za mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi katundu zofanana ndi makhalidwe.

Mbiri nthaka: kapangidwe

Nthaka zigawo alternating vertically, ndi nthaka kaja. Kapangidwe zawo ndi katundu wosiyanasiyana. Nthaka M'maso, kunachitika sequentially mmodzi - ndi mbiri nthaka. Kapangidwe awo ndi enieni lililonse nthaka.

Kapangidwe ka mbiri nthaka ndi umafananirako ku masoka njira ya mapangidwe dothi, ndipo ntchito zawo zaulimi. Nthaka zigawo za mitundu yosiyanasiyana amasiyana osati mbali ndi katundu, komanso zikuchokera. Mphamvu kaja anatsimikiza mmene choimirira. The M'maso chachikulu:

• The humus nthaka.
• M'chizimezime kusintha kuchokera yapitayi wosanjikiza lotsatira.
• The subsoil (kholo zinthu).

yosavuta mbiri

Kapangidwe ka mbiri nthaka pa anayendera pafupi yosavuta zovuta. Zambiri nthaka dongosolo ali zotsatirazi mitundu mbiri:

• Wosazindikira - otsika mlingo mphamvu, malo a changu ndi kholo thanthwe.
• chitukuko zosatha - monga gawo la mbiri imeneyi ndi M'maso onse, ankaikira nthaka. Aliyense kaja otsika mphamvu.
• Normal - yodziwika ndi M'maso onse anapanga maiko chibadwa. Mphamvu achilendo neerodirovannoy nthaka.
• Bwino kusiyanitsidwa - M'maso bwino chizindikiro.
• Kusokonezedwa kapena linasokoneza - amakhala ndi chiwonongeko cha zigawo chapamwamba cha kukokoloka kwa nthaka.

mbiri zovuta

Mitundu ya mbiri nthaka ndi dongosolo zovuta ndi zotsatirazi:

• Chidina - zilipo kuchokera ku mbiri ino m'manda M'maso ndi mbiri dothi paleo. Mu zikuchokera zake ndi kuda mapangidwe wakale nthaka.

• Mbiri polenomiyo - kwaiye pamene lithological likusuntha, popanda wakulekana strata nthaka.
• Polycyclic - mapangidwe ake chokhudzana ndi mafunsidwe nthawi zipangizo kupanga nthaka: phulusa la chiphala chamoto, mtsinje alluvium chitayiko phulusa.
• Kusokonezedwa kapena kukalowa - yodziwika ndi mapangidwe osiyanasiyana: masoka kapena yokumba. Mbali yoyamba ya ntchito yomwe zinthu anthu, lachiwiri - zachilengedwe, pamene anasamukira m'munsi M'maso pamwamba.
• Mose - amakhala osati yotsatana mapangidwe M'maso mozama. Kusintha M'maso zinawafutapo kumachitika monga chitsanzo cha Mose.

Kapangidwe ka mbiri pa zikhalidwe za mapangidwe nthaka

Mbiri nthaka zosiyanasiyana. Malinga ndi nthaka mapangidwe ndondomeko, iwo anawagawa mitundu iwiri:

• Yoyamba amakhala ndi mapangidwe nthaka pansi kusamba, wotchedwa eluvial, ndi zotsatira za chinyezi mumlengalenga. Chamvula anakafika kunsi otaya particles dothi anasamukira pansi ndi nyengo mankhwala.
• Kufotokozera za mbiri nthaka ya mtundu wachiwiri uli ndi khalidwe lokha. Mtundu wa kapangidwe ndi khalidwe la dothi hydromorphic, amene anapanga chinyezi pamene owonjezera. Mapangidwe dothi bwanji nthaka madzi, amene apindula ndi wosanjikiza dothi.

Kapangidwe ka mbiri kuya

Malinga ndi kugawa zinthu zosiyanasiyana: laimu, manyowa, zimene gypsum, mchere, salt, kuya akhoza kuwasiyanitsa Mbiri nthaka:

• Accumulative - nthaka pamwamba lili pang'ono zinthu: kwambiri, m'pamenenso iwo adzakhala ang'onoang'ono.
• Eluvial - kuchuluka kwa zinthu kumawonjezera ndi akuya.
• Zinyalala-kudzikundikira - mankhwala amasonkhana pansi madzi, zomwe zili pansi kapena pakati pa ndani.
• Eluvial-kusiyanitsidwa - mankhwala pang'ono atasunga wosanjikiza chapamwamba, ndipo mu zigawo zina - kwambiri.
• Undifferentiated - thunthu ndi anagawira uniformly pa mbiri lonse.

M'maso Mbiri

Komanso olekanitsidwa atatu M'maso zikuluzikulu monga:

• Peat, organogenic. mapangidwe ake amapezeka padziko nthaŵi zonse chinyezi owonjezera. Mbali khalidwe ndi achilendo kuteteza organic zinthu zimene sizinalembedwa atatembenuzidwa kukhala manyowa ndipo si kuwotchedwa. Pa zikuchokera peat ndi udzu, mitengo, Moss, ndere, deciduous kapena losanganikirana. Zotsalira za chiyambi zomera mwina anaika mwina kuteteza anaika kwathunthu.

• Zinyalala matabwa - ichi wosanjikiza wolemera mu zinthu organic. mphamvu zake umalandira masentimita makumi awiri. Amakhala zatsalira mbewu anapitiriza mawonekedwe koyamba, pang'ono kapena kwathunthu humus.
• Sod wosanjikiza - ichi kaja pamwamba. mapangidwe ake amapezeka pansi zomera herbaceous. Kwambiri voliyumu ndi mizu ya zomera.
• Humus kaja - lili peresenti 15-35 zinthu organic. Zimakhala unstructured kapena curd dongosolo. nthaka wakuda, mazhuschayasya ladzala ndi madzi.
• M'chizimezime tillable - mapangidwe ake chokhudzana ndi processing wa humus kapena zigawo zakuya.
• M'chizimezime humus - aumbike padziko ali ndi mtundu wa mdima, lili 15 peresenti organic.
• Eluvial kaja - anapanga pansi M'maso organic. Nthaka yochitidwa, Mukalongosola.
• Maminolo kaja - malo a mapangidwe ake - gawo pakati pa ndani. Mwina illuvial, solonets, carbonate, mchere, gypsum, kapena losanganikirana.
• Gley kaja - umatchedwa mchere. Mapangidwe zidzachitika yaitali kapena okhazikika kwambiri chinyezi ndi mpweya akusowa. Khalidwe la kaja kuzimiririka coloration. Zimakhala buluu, buluu imvi kapena maolivi mithunzi.
• zakuthupi kholo - yodziwika ndi digiri otsika kukhudzana ndi zinthu zowononga mapangidwe dothi.

mtundu nthaka

Nthaka kaja achilendo Mbali monga mtundu awo, potsata zikuchokera nthaka ndi njira ya mapangidwe ake.

• Black nthaka. Izi mtundu dzina ndi imvi mdima ndi dothi woderapo. mtundu awo zimadalira zili humus kapena manyowa. The zambiri mu nthaka, ndi mdima mtundu. Black nthaka akhoza kupereka mankhwala ena mchere, ndi khala la magwero osiyanasiyana.
• White nthaka ndi mtundu wina uliwonse wa malankhulidwe kuwala. mtundu loterolo pansi miyala, gypsum, khwatsi, sungunuka salt, feldspar.
• Red nthaka pamene mkati mwake amasonkhana chitsulo okusayidi. The coloration wofiirira analandira chifukwa cha okhutira mkulu wa okusayidi manganese, wachikasu - chitsulo hydroxides.
• Nthaka ndi mithunzi ya buluu, buluu ndi wobiriwira mitundu. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti dothi lili akakhala chitsulo pawiri. wokhutira m'nthaka - chotsatira cha chikhalidwe cha zinthu anaerobic (chinyezi owonjezera).

ndi mphamvu kaja chiyani?

Izi kutalika kwa kuya kwake ofukula kuchokera pamwamba pa zosayembekezereka kholo thanthwe. losiyanasiyana nthaka ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri, ranges ku forte kuti masentimita zana ndi makumi asanu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati zinthu aakulu zachilengedwe, nthaka mapangidwe ndondomeko amakhudza kumtunda kwa thanthwe. Mphamvu ya nthaka ngati ukufika masentimita makumi awiri kuti makumi atatu. M'madera steppe pansi udzu wandiweyani - mazana awiri kapena atatu.

Mphamvu ya M'maso munthu kuweruza mfundo nthaka. Choncho, nkhungu wosanjikiza wa humus yodziwika ndi chachikulu mmphepete zinthu ndi elution ofooka. dothi Podzolic osauka zakudya, choncho n'kofunika pang'ono.

chernozems

Ichi ndi nthaka kwambiri chonde. Black nthaka m'mbuyomu inakhazikitsidwa pa chivundikiro wandiweyani udzu, amene kufa chaka chilichonse, ndipo mchikakamizo cha chilimwe kutentha linakwiriridwa kupanga manyowa, zimene yomwe ndi nthawi kudziunjikira. Panopa, nthaka pafupifupi wakuda analima. mbiri Humus dothi lili dongosolo zotsatirazi:

• Anamva steppe, mphamvu 3-4 masentimita.
• Sod - mphamvu yake ndi 3-7 masentimita. Iwo ali mdima imvi mtundu ndi akufa kapena moyo zotsala za mizu ya mbewu monga chimanga. wosanjikiza Izi zikhoza kukhala nalo kapena dothi namwali.
• The humus kaja - zake 35-120 masentimita. Iwo ali mdima imvi mtundu yunifolomu mtundu. NKHANI mbiri wakuda lapansi dothi matabwa ake. Ndi granular ndi wangwiro. Mbali yaikulu - chonde.
• Chosakhalitsa kaja wa humus wosanjikiza kwa lotsatira. mphamvu ndi 40-80 masentimita, mtundu - wooneka imvi, yunifolomu, mawanga zooneka ndi milozo pa humus. Iwo ali akhakula, kapangidwe chimauma.
• Mtundu kaja ali subtypes. Ena a iwo akhoza kuwasiyanitsa illuvial- carbonate kaja ndi mtundu wooneka chikasu, ndipo dongosolo prismatic. Nthaka kaja ndi molehills chabe. Ali odzazidwa ndi misa bulauni akubwera kuchokera kutali kunama pansipa. Zimachitika kuti wormhole wodzazidwa ndi nthaka mdima mtundu kuchokera M'maso chapamwamba.
• Miyala kupanga nthaka. Iwo ali yochitidwa woongoka chikasu ndi dongosolo prismatic. Nthaka yakuya osiyana yodziwika ndi mchere carbonate ndi gypsum.

dothi podzolic

Nthaka mbiri podsolic nthaka aumbike pa chinyezi mkulu. Chitsanzo cha zimenezi ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zomera. Features nthaka mbiri podzolic dothi acidity. Choncho, iwo ndikofunika microflora kuti azolowere zinthu izi kuti nawo organic zatsalira nkhani njira kuwonongeka. M'maso mbiri dothi podzolic ali motere:

• Zinyalala - mphamvu masentimita awiri.
• Bwino decomposed mbewu imakhalabe.
• Kulolerana mu mawonekedwe a mycelium. Nthaka mtundu ndi kuwala bulauni.
• Chimauma kapena pulverulent dongosolo nthaka ndi woderapo mtundu.
• Humus-kudzikundikira wosanjikiza mphamvu masentimita makumi atatu.
• Podzolic wosanjikiza ndi mphamvu yomweyo.
• The kusintha kwa variegated mitundu wosanjikiza mphamvu masentimita makumi asanu.
• Illuvial wosanjikiza, mphamvu - 20-120 masentimita.
• Wosanjikiza zakuthupi kholo.

Mtundu wa nthaka kuthengo ndi chonde otsika, humus wosanjikiza pafupifupi palibe nthaka acidic anachita. Podzols musati kuyamwa chinyontho, osati wolemera mu zakudya, kumene kumakhudza chomera zakudya ndi kukula.