Sociometric kufufuza njira: wolemba, maziko ongolankhula, makhalidwe, Ndondomeko

Munthu aliyense, munthu ali mbali ya dongosolo maubale. Anthu ndi chikhalidwe chawo sakanakhoza kupulumuka chokha, kotero pamodzi mu magulu. Nthawi zambiri kusiyana maganizo chidwi, vuto akukanidwa, kupatulana, ndi nkhani zina kuti akhoza kusokoneza ntchito zothandiza. Sociometric njira mu Chaanthu ndi njira kuzindikira mavuto amenewa. Iye mobwerezabwereza anayesedwa, ndipo ndi izo mwamsanga, inu kungathe ubale alipo komanso kuwapatsa mawonekedwe. Sociometric njira JL Moreno analenga -. American wasayansi, wofufuza zachilengedwe zimene anthu gulu.

Khama la njira sociometric

Pali njira zingapo za tanthauzo la zosiyana. Choyamba, njira sociometric ndi maganizo zikulumikizana matenda dongosolo ubale kapena chisoni mwagwirizana pakati pa mamembala a gulu lomweli. Komanso, mu maphunziro a anayeza digiri ya kugawikana, gulu cohesion, kuwululidwa zizindikiro za chifundo, mamembala antipathy poyerekezera ndi akuluakulu a mdera (kukanidwa ndi atsogoleri a nyenyezi). Kutsogozedwa ndi atsogoleri maganizo okhazikika kwapakati kulukana mapangidwe (gulu mwamwayi) kapena dera chatsekedwa, voteji zabwino kapena ngakhale ubale otsutsana a yeniyeni dongosolo angalimbikitsire. Kuti, mu njira ya gulu yophunzira n'komwe osati khalidwe komanso mbali kachulukidwe ya makonda a gulu, anafotokozedwa mayeso.

Kachiwiri sociometric njira ya kufufuza munthu akuimira ndi kutsatira malangizo, womwenso ntchito ndi kusintha kwa zipangizo wapadera kuthetsa mavuto othandiza.

Origin ndi chitukuko cha kuyesera sociometric

njira Sociometric analengedwa mu 30s lapansi. m'ma XX. American zamaganizo ndi Katswiri John. L. Moreno, izo anayambitsa mfundo "sociometry", kutanthauza muyeso wa mphamvu ubale lotha pakati pa mamembala a gulu lomweli. Malinga ndi wolemba, akamanena za sociometry ndi kufufuza kapangidwe mkati mwa magulu chikhalidwe, amene angayerekezedwe ndi chikhalidwe nyukiliya maatomu kapena kukonza thupi selo. Ongolankhula zapansi sociometric njira zachokera chakuti mbali cikhalidwe - ndale, a zachuma - n'zosavuta kufotokoza mkhalidwe wa ubale maganizo pakati pa anthu. Mwachindunji, izo tingasonyezere chiwonetsero cha sakonda anthu ndi sanakonde mzake. Ndiko kuti, woyambitsa njira sociometric ankakhulupirira kuti kusintha timakhala maganizo m'magulu ang'onoang'ono likukhudza dziko lonse chikhalidwe. Pakali pano, njira imeneyi ali zambiri zosintha.

Chibugariya Katswiri L. Desev kuzindikiridwa mbali zitatu kafukufuku amene ntchito njira sociometric:

• Mphamvu kapena "chosintha" Sociometry, ndilo phunziro la gulu kafukufuku sitepe (J. L. Moreno ndi ena).
• Matenda Sociometry kuti limatchula magulu chikhalidwe (Chapin F., J. H. Criswell, M. L. Nortuey, J. A. Lundberg, E. Borgardus neri Al.).
• Masamu Sociometry (S. Ch. Dodd, D. Stewart, L. Katz neri Al.).

zamaganizo Soviet adzipangira chopereka kwambiri kukhazikitsa njira imeneyi, zitsulo I. P. Volkov, Y. L. Kolominsky, E. S. Kuzmin, A. V. neri Al ziphe.

Malinga Ya. L. Kolominskogo, maganizo maziko kuphunzira ubale Machitidwe podziwa kuti chilakolako cha munthu wina ndi mzake ndi chifukwa amafunitsitsa kukhala pafupi ndi ubwenzi chinthu. Pamene mawu a mawu tiyenera kuiona ngati chizindikiro yofunika ya kwenikweni si kumvetsa kokha, koma ambiri pamaso pa munthu ayenera.

Mtengo wa njira ndi ntchito

Sociometric njira phunziro la magulu aang'ono ndi collectives ntchito ndi akatswiri ndi a zamaganizo mu masukulu, mayunivesite, makampani ndi mabungwe, magulu masewera, ndi mayanjano zina za anthu a matenda ubale lotha. Mwachitsanzo, zotsatira zofunika kuphunzira ali kukhazikitsa maganizo ndi maganizo ngakhale spacecraft oyeretsa, Antarctic maulendo.

Sociometric gulu la njira, malinga A. V. Petrovskogo, ndi imodzi mwa njira zingapo za kusanthula ubale lotha mu gulu laling'ono, limene nthawi zambiri zobisika. Pa gawo lino la sayansi kafukufuku ndi chikhalidwe maganizo kuwawonetsera zilandiridwenso umalimbana kuphunzira phunziro zidule latsopano. Mu chitukuko wotsatira wa njira zimenezi ndi ntchito molumikizana ndi njira zina kwambiri patsogolo luso Chaanthu komanso sayansi mu kusanthula m'magulu ang'onoang'ono. Musachepetse udindo wa kagulu ka anthu. Iwo amasonkhana ndi asapita chikhalidwe ambiri ndi reincarnate iwo intercompany. Kudziwa zimenezi lili chinthu chofunika oyang'anira chikhalidwe, anamanga pa malo sayansi.

Zochita za njira sociometric

mtundu uwu wa kufufuza amalola kusintha ubale uliwonse. Koma pa nthawi yomweyo - si chimodzimodzi njira kwakukulu yothetsera mavuto mkati gulu, kawirikawiri kuposa iwo ayenera anafuna osati mu antipathies kapena sympathies wa gululi wina ndi mzake, koma magwero zakuya.

njira Sociometric kafukufuku ikuchitika mu mawonekedwe a mawu a mafunso mozungulira, poyankha zimene woyankha amasankha wa mamembala enieni a gulu lake, lomwe iye ankakonda kwa ena vuto linalake.

Mitundu munthu kapena gulu la mayesero. Izo zimatengera m'badwo wa omumvera ndi nkhani ya ntchito yanu. Koma monga ulamuliro, ndi zambiri ntchito mtundu wa phunziro la.

Mulimonsemo, njira sociometric mu gulu la limakupatsani anapereka mphamvu ubale intergroup kwa kanthawi kochepa kuti kenako ntchito zotsatira kuti kukonzanso magulu kulimbitsa cohesion awo ndi mphamvu ya mgwirizano.

Kukonzekera kuphunzira

Sociometric njira pochita sikutanthauza kwambiri khama ndiponso nthawi. Zida kuphunzira ndi mtundu sociometric kafukufuku, mndandanda wa gulu, sotsiomatritsa. Phunziro akhoza pansi gulu la anthu a mibadwo yonse, kwa wamng'ono kwa achikulire. sanayambebe kupita kusukulu Sociometric njira kafukufuku ingagwiritsidwe mwamsanga m'badwo uno, anawo nthaŵi yawo yoyamba kulankhulana ndi anzake. I sociometric kusankha maziko mwa mavuto kuthetsedwa mu maphunziro ndi zaka, ntchito kapena makhalidwe ena a gulu kuphunzira. Muyeso, monga ulamuliro, ndi mtundu winawake wa ntchito, ndi kuchita zimenezi, munthu chofunika kusankha, ndiye kuti kukana mamembala chimodzi kapena zingapo mwa gulu. Ndi funso yoti achite mndandanda. Mkhalidwe wa kusankha kafukufuku sayenera okha. Takulandirani, ngati i applicable khalani ndi chidwi kuntchito: iwo ayenera pofotokoza zinthu zenizeni. Malinga ndi ochititsa i mayeso anawagawa osankhidwa ndi osasankhidwa. Ntchito yoyamba, n'zotheka kusintha chibwenzi ntchito pamodzi chifukwa cha ntchito yomwe gulu lisanalengedwe. gulu lina la muyezo ntchito kuphunzira maganizo komanso maubale omwe osalumikidwa ndi ntchito olowa ndi kukwaniritsa cholinga chimodzi, mwachitsanzo, kusankha cikulu nthawi yopuma. Mu mabuku methodological, iwo umatchedwanso kupanga ndipo sanali kupanga. I analekanitsanso kudzera malo a lathu wa HIV ( "Kodi gululi mukufuna ntchito?") Kapena zoipa ( "Kodi gululi inu sangafune ntchito?"). Sociometric njira amaganiza kuti mafunso, muli malangizo ndi mndandanda wa muyezo pambuyo chiphunzitso awo ndi kusankha.

Mndandanda wa mafunso ndinazolowera kuti makhalidwe a gulu kuphunzira.

Mbali kuyambirira wa kafukufukuyu

njira Sociometric kafukufuku amachitika njila lotseguka, kotero isanayambe kafukufukuyu ayenera kuphunzitsa gulu. Mbali imeneyi kuyambirira cholinga kufotokozera gulu kufunika kwa phunziro la lozani kufunika zotsatira kwa gulu yokha, kuti ndikuuzeni inu m'mene mukufunira kugwira ntchito ndi chidwi. Kumapeto kwa briefing, m'pofunika kutsindika kuti mayankho onse kuti mamembala a gulu adzakhala anali chinsinsi.

Akuti zili malangizo

malangizo lemba amakhala zili otsatirawa: "Chifukwa sanali bwino ndi mzake, ndiye pakhale gulu lanu sanathe n'komwe mwamtheradi zofuna zanu zonse. Pa nthawi, ubwenzi anapanga m'njira inayake. Ndi nkhani ya cholinga cha phunziroli, zotsatira zabwino kuganizira utsogoleri wanu mu gulu la ntchito gulu m'tsogolo. Pa nkhani imeneyi, ife tikupempha inu kukhala oona mtima kwambiri, kupereka mayankho. Okonza maphunziro limatiuza kuti mayankho munthu adzakhala anali upo. "

Sociometric kufufuza njira: ndondomeko ya

Pali i zina ponena za mphamvu ya gulu kuphunzira. Chiwerengero cha mamembala a gulu, amene amayamba ndi njira sociometric, ayenera kukhala anthu 3-25. Komabe, chizindikiro zitsanzo za kafukufuku, kulola kutsegula kwa anthu mpaka 40. Sociometric njira phunziro ubale lotha mu gulu (kuntchito) amaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito pa chikhalidwe zinachitikira ntchito ndi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Mbali yofunika kwambiri yokonza ndi kukhazikitsa maubale kukhulupirirana ndi chikhalidwe gulu. Apo ayi, sakhulupirira experimenter, ndi kukayikirana kuti mayankho a mafunso angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupweteketsa woyankha ndi, kungachititse kuti kulephera kugwira ntchito kapena zabodza. Kuona kuti kuphunzira kunachitidwa ndi munthu zokhudzana ndi ndodo: bwana kapena munthu m'gulumo. Apo ayi, zotsatira zake osati kukhala zolondola. Ndi ponena yosagwira options ayankhe kuti angagwiritsidwe ntchito ofunika. Mwachitsanzo, woyankha ndi wovuta kusiya mndandanda wa mamembala ena a gulu pamene apange kusankha bwino, sakhoza, motsogozedwa ndi zolinga zimenezi, kunena kuti "amasankha zonse". Mu nkhani imeneyi, olemba ndi otsatira chiphunzitso sociometric ayamba kuyesera pang'ono kusintha ndondomeko loponya. Choncho mmalo mwa ufulu chiwerengero gulu la embodiments mwachindunji mamembala a kafukufukuyu akhoza kukhazikitsa chiwerengero mosamalitsa okha a iwo. Nthawi zambiri ndi zitatu, zinayi kapena zisanu. ulamuliro wotero ankatchedwa "masankho malire" kapena "sociometric chiletso". Amachepetsa mosavuta ngozi, facilitates ntchito processing ndi kutanthauzira kwa mudziwe zimapangitsa ophunzira kafukufuku njira chokwanira ndi woganiza mayankho.

Pamene kukonzekera akutsatiridwa, ndondomeko akuyamba kafukufuku. The njira sociometric kafukufuku azitenga membala aliyense wa gulu nawo. Nzika olembedwa mayina a anthu gulu, amene amasankhidwa ndi iwo pa muyezo makamaka, ndi deta zawo zimasonyeza mu mafunsoka. Choncho, kafukufuku sangakhale anonymous chifukwa zinthu izi n'zotheka kukhazikitsa ubale mamembala gulu. Mu phunziro, kulinganiza ndi ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti kafukufukuyu sanali tilankhule wina ndi mnzake nthawi zonse kuti mukumbuke kuti muyenera kuyankha mafunso onse. Musaphwanye kuthamangira nkhani za mafunso.

Komabe, ngati pali mndandanda patsogolo pawo ndi mamembala a gulu, mukhoza kulola kukhudzana zithunzi. Pakuti mayiko anawonjezera, ndipo mayina a zolakwika ndakusowa kwambiri akhoza kulemba pa bolodi.

njira kusankha Yolondola:

• Kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha kusankha 3-5.
• Complete ufulu wosankha, ndiyo woyankha ali ndi ufulu kukhazikitsa mayina ambiri monga wasankha.
• Lolemekezeka gululi, malingana ndi muyezo akufuna.

Yoyamba njira zambiri bwino, koma maganizo a mayiko ndi omasuka mu processing wotsatira zotsatira zake. Chachitatu - mu mawu a yonena komanso lodalirika zotsatira. kusanja njira kumatha nkhawa kuti angayambe posankha gululi makhalidwe oipa.

Pambuyo makadi sociometric kafukufuku ndizodzazidwa, iwo anasonkhana kwa mamembala a gulu ndi kuyamba chizolowezi masamu. Chophweka njira kuchuluka kwa processing zotsatira za kafukufuku ndi mawonekedwe, tabular ndi indeksologichesky.

Embodiments processing ndi kutanthauzira zotsatira

Mu phunziro, cholinga zimene chimatanthauza udindo sociometric wa anthu gulu. Zimatanthauza chuma cha munthu kutenga malo ena mu dongosolo pansi kulingalira (locus), ndiko njira yowona chilamulira chikhalidwe ndi anthu ena timu.

• Drafting sotsiomatritsy. Ndi tebulo limene zotsatira za kafukufuku ndi kulowa, ndicho kusankha zabwino ndi zoipa zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mamembala a gulu kuphunzira. Bukuli lili ndi mfundo iyi: mizere yopingasa ndi mizati ofukula nambala chomwecho ndi kuwerenga nambala ya gululi, ndiko kuti, m'njira ananenera, munthu amene amasankha.

Malinga muyezo kusankha kwa munthu ndi okwana masanjidwewo akhoza inamangidwa kusonyeza chisankho pa muyezo angapo. Mulimonsemo, chithunzi zonse za asapita mu gulu akhoza kupereka kusanthula sotsiomatritsy aliyense muyeso.

Circle contours chisankho mwagwirizana ngati reciprocity si wathunthu, pa theka-bwalo. Kapena ndime ndi mzere mphambano za chizindikiro "kuphatikiza" pa nkhani ya kusankha zabwino, kapena "opanda" ngati anali negative. Ngati kusankha sizichitika, ndiyeno 0.

The mwayi waukulu masanjidwewo ndi mwayi kuti mupereke zotsatira mu mawonekedwe lapadera. Izi adzalola chifukwa kusanja analankhulanso ndi kuponyedwa chisankho cha gululi chiwerengero kudziwa kuti ndi chikoka mu gulu.

Chiwerengero cha chisankho ukubwera amatchedwa magulu udindo sociometric, sipangakhalenso poyerekeza ndi chiwerengero theoretically zotheka chisankho. Mwachitsanzo, gulu ndizo anthu 11, chiwerengero kusankha zotheka ndi wofanana 9 Choncho, 99 - chiwerengero kusankha theoretically zotheka.

Komabe, chithunzi chonse si kwambiri kufunika kwa chiwerengero kusankha iliyonse kukhutitsidwa woyankha ndi udindo womwe gulu. Deta, mukhoza kuwerengera kukhutitsidwa chinthu cha kugawa chiwerengero kusankha reciprocal zabwino za munthuyo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati mmodzi wa gulu amayesetsa kulankhula ndi anthu atatu zenizeni, koma palibe mmodzi wa iwo anatola mu kafukufukuyu, mlingo wosangalala Ku = 0 3 = 0. Izi zikutanthauza kuti woyankha ndi kuyesa kulankhula aja amene angadziwire.

• Mndandanda wa gulu cohesion. Izi chizindikiro sociometric kuchita masamu ndi kugawa reciprocal chisankho kwa chiwerengero cha gulu zotheka. Ngati nambala chifukwa ali mu uthunthu wa 0.6-0.7, ndi chizindikiro chabwino cha gulu cohesion. Ndiko kuti, njira sociometric mu gulu la limakupatsani kukhazikitsa boma ubale kwapakati pa-gululi yochepa kuti kenako ntchito zotsatira kuti kukonzanso magulu kulimbitsa cohesion awo ndi mphamvu ya mgwirizano.
• Kumanga sociogram. Kugwiritsa sotsiomatritsu angamange sociogram, ndiko kuti ulaliki bwino sociometry monga "chandamale dera". Ndi mtundu wa womuyenerera gome tikuyandikira kutanthauzira kwa deta.

bwalo aliyense mu sociogram adzakhala kufunika kwake:

1. mundandanda adzatchedwa Star zone, ndiye gulu la anthu osankhidwa, amene anafotokozedwa atsogoleri amene mwalandila ambiri mtheradi za zisankho zabwino.
2. kubwera kwachiwiri kapena ankakonda zone, adzakhala mamembala a gulu amene yagoletsa chiwerengero cha amakonda pamwamba pafupifupi.
3. Bwalo lachitatu otchedwa malo achilendo. Amalandira amene kupeza yochepa pafupifupi pa gulu la kusankha.
4. Bwalo chachinayi chatsekedwa otchedwa lakutali. Zikuphatikizapo gululi amene sanalandire mfundo iliyonse.

Mothandizidwa ndi sociogram mukhoza kutenga chifaniziro zithunzi kuli magulu komanso chikhalidwe cha ubale pakati pawo (ojambula, chifundo). Iwo anapanga anthu, inakula ndi wokhala kusankha mzake. Nthawi zambiri sociometric njira limasonyeza magulu abwino, wopangidwa mwa mamembala 2-3, zambiri kawirikawiri anthu 4 kapena kuposa. N'zotheka kuona momveka bwino pa sociogram mosabisa, lomwe limasonyeza magulu a anthu amene anasankha mzake msinkhu, ndi maulalo alipo pakati pawo.

Chimake chachitatu chidzakhala munthu sociogram. Akulimbana kapena osankhidwa mwachisawawa membala wa gulu ukufanizidwa mu dongosolo ubale unakhazikitsidwa mu maphunziro a. Mu kaundula sociogram ulovnymi motsogozedwa ndi kalembedwe zotsatirazi: wamwamuna munthu kumujambula kansalu ndi chiwerengero yofanana ndi munthu winawake, ndipo nkhope mkazi - mkati bwalo.

Chilengezo cha zotsatira za kafukufuku ndi malangizo othandiza

Nditamaliza processing deta analandira, mndandanda wa malangizo kwa asiye khalidwe ndi ubwenzi pakati pa anthu a timu. Zotsatira amafotokozedwa kuti ndodo yolamula ndi gulu. Mogwirizana zopelekazi ndi zina kuwunika chiganizo kusintha zikuchokera timu, bwana kapena kulanda anthu ena magulu ena. Choncho, njira sociometric mu phunziro la gulu akhoza osati kukonza mavuto m'banja, komanso kukhala malangizo othandiza dongosolo kuti angalimbitse gulu, potero kuwongolera zokolola.

Ngakhale mphamvu ndi kupezeka, panopa sociometry monga njira si chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ya kumapeto Russian maganizo.