Mitsempha ya magazi a matupi anthu ndi nyama

Mosachotsera zamoyo zonse multicellular amene ali zimakhala kusiyanitsidwa ndi ziwalo, makamaka chikhalidwe cha moyo wawo ndi kufunika zoyendera mpweya ndi zakudya maselo amene amapanga thupi lawo. Ntchito zoyendera tatchulazi amachita magazi akuyenderera dongosolo la nyumba kusintha tubular - ziwiya, ogwirizana m'thupi. chitukuko zamoyo zinachita, kapangidwe ndi ntchito ayankhidwa mu pepala ili.

annelids

The magazi dongosolo ziwalo anaonekera kwa nthawi yoyamba oimira wa annelids mtundu (segmented mphutsi), mmodzi amene ndi unyolo odziwika - wokhala nthaka, kuchuluka chonde ake ndi a kalasi Oligochaeta.

Popeza chamoyo si mwadongosolo ndi mitsempha ya magazi a matupi unyolo ankaimira ziwiya awiri - dorsal ndi ventral chikugwirizana zozungulira machubu.

Makamaka kayendedwe ka magazi invertebrates - mollusks

The magazi dongosolo ziwalo mu nkhono angapo a makhalidwe enieni: pali mtima ongokhala atria awiri ndi ventricles, ndipo magazi otchezedwa thupi lonse nyama. Wasefukira osati kudzera ziwiya, komanso mipata pakati pa matupi.

Zimenezi zimatchedwa lotseguka mitsempha ya magazi. Kapangidwe ofanana tikuona oimira arthropods monga nkhanu, akangaude ndi tizilombo. kachitidwe kawo magazi si anatseka ziwalo, mtima uli kumbali dorsal thupi ndipo ali mawonekedwe a machubu ndi kakasi ndi mavavu.

Amphioxus - makolo mawonekedwe inakhala

Mitsempha ya magazi ndi ziwalo za nyama ndi mafupa ofananira ngati poyambira kapena msana, nthawi zonse kutsekedwa. Mu golovohordovyh, umene uli lancelet makope imodzi, ndi mbali za mtima amanyamula msempha m'mimba. Imakhala kugunda ake magazi thupi lonse.

magazi nsomba

The superclass nsomba tichipeza magulu awiri a zamoyo za m'madzi: kalasi ya kalasi cartilaginous ndi Bony nsomba. Kusiyana kwambiri pa kunja ndi mkati kapangidwe ali ofanana - ndi mitsempha ya magazi ndi ziwalo, amene ntchito ndi kunyamula chakudya ndi mpweya. Iwo amakhala ndi kukhalapo kwa makope m'mapapo mwanga ndi mtima wapawiri-chipinda.

Mtima nsomba zonse bicameral ndipo imakhala ya atrium ndi ventricle. Pakati pawo pali mavavu, kotero kayendedwe ka magazi mu mtima nthawi zonse unidirectional: kuchokera atrium mu ventricle lapansi.

Kufalitsidwa mu nyama woyamba dziko

Zikuphatikizapo oimira gulu la a achule kapena achule: moor chule, chule, wamawangamawanga salamander, zimachitikira ndi ena. Kapangidwe ka m'thupi kuoneka bwino bwino kuchulukitsa kwa gulu: otchedwa aromorphoses kwachilengedwenso. Izi ndi atatu chambered mtima (atria awiri ndi ventricle), ndipo makope awiri. Iwo onse kuyambira ventricle lapansi.

Magazi m'mapapo mwanga wolemera carbon dioxide, khungu zokwawa thumba mosavuta. Apa mpweya kuwombola zikachitika, ndi wolumikizira magazi amabwerera ku mapapo kwa atrium kumanzere. Venous magazi zotengera pakhungu akulowa atrium Chabwino, ndiye mu ventricle wolumikizira ndi magazi venous ali osokonezeka, ndipo izi chimachititsanso wosanganiza magazi ziwalo zonse achule thupi. Choncho, mlingo wa kagayidwe a iwo, monga nsomba, otsika zokwanira imakafika chidakwa amphibian thupi kutentha kwa malo ozungulira. zamoyo amatchedwa mwankhanzaku kapena poikilothermic.

mitsempha ya magazi mu zokwawa

Kupitiriza ndi makamaka magazi nyama, kuwatsogolera njira lapadziko wa moyo, kuganizira thunthu zapoizoni kapena zokwawa. The magazi dongosolo ziwalo ndi kovuta kupeza kuposa achule. Nyama a kalasi zapoizoni kuti atatu chambered mtima, atria awiri ndi ventricle, imene pali kugawa yaing'ono. Nyama a dongosolo la ng'ona ndi pa mtima wa chotchinga mosalekeza, zimene zimapangitsa izo zinayi chipinda.

chokwawa A a Scale detachment (polojekiti buluzi, buluzi, ndi mamba steppe buluzi nimble) ndi zokhudza kumuwombera kamba, ndi mtima atatu chambered ndi kugawa nezaroschennoy, kotero kuti ziwalo zawo kutsogolo ndi mutu akulowa magazi wolumikizira, ndi mchira ndi thunthu dera - losanganikirana. Mu ng'ona wolumikizira ndi venous magazi wosanganiza osati mu mtima, ndi kutulukamo - chifukwa cha maphatikizidwe wa arches awiri kung'ambika, chotero mbali zonse za thupi amalandira osokonezeka magazi. Kunena zoona, komanso zokwawa ndi mwankhanzaku nyama.

Mbalame - woyamba magazi ofunda zamoyo

The magazi dongosolo ziwalo mu mbalame akupitiriza kukhala zovuta kwambiri ndi oyengeka bwino. mtima wawo uli Quad kwathunthu. Komanso, awiri makope wolumikizira magazi konse zimasakanikirana ndi magazi venous. Choncho kagayidwe mu mbalame kwambiri tima: kutentha thupi ukufika 40-42 ° C, mtengo mtima ranges kuchokera kumenyedwa 140 mpaka 500 pa mphindi imodzi, malinga ndi kukula kwa thupi mbalame. Amayendera m'mapapo otchedwa m'mapapo mwanga akukamba magazi venous ku ventricle ufulu mapapo, ndiye munthu wolumikizira magazi wolemera mu mpweya amalowa atrium kumanzere. Zokhudza zonse makope akuyamba ku ventricle kumanzere, magazi ndiye akulowa dorsal msempha, ndi kale mwa iyo kupyolera mu mitsempha - onse matupi a mbalame.

Kayendedwe ka magazi kudzera zotengera ku nyama

Monga mbalame, nyama ndi magazi ofunda, kapena zamoyo homeothermic. Mu zomera ano zikupereka malo oyamba mu mawu a anatengera ndi kuchuluka zachilengedwe, zomwe makamaka chifukwa thupi kutentha zawo mosaganizira za mikhalidwe ozungulira. Mitsempha ya magazi a nyama, umene uli thupi chapakati cha mtima zinayi chambered, ndi changwiro m'bungwe mtima dongosolo: mitsempha, mitsempha ndi capillaries. magazi ikuchitika mu makope awiri. Magazi mu mtima si wosanganiza: kumanzere amasuntha wolumikizira, ndi bwino - venous.

Choncho, magazi dongosolo ziwalo mu nyama placental ndi kupitiriza kusamala zonse chilengedwe mkati mwa thupi, mwachitsanzo homeostasis.

Mitsempha ya magazi a ziwalo

Chifukwa chakuti munthu wa gulu la nyama, dongosolo ambiri a dongosolo anatomical ndi ntchito ya dongosolo thupi, ndipo ndi ofanana zokwanira nyama. Pamene anali kuyenda olungama ndiponso kugwirizana wonena za dongosolo thupi akadali anasiya umboni yotsimikizika pa njira ya magazi.

Mitsempha ya magazi a matupi aumunthu wapangidwa awiri Four chipinda mtima ndi kufalitsidwa: ang'ono ndi lalikulu, amene anapeza m'nthawi ya 17 ndi English wasayansi William Harvey. Chofunika kwambiri ndi kotunga magazi a ziwalo, ngati ubongo, impso ndi chiwindi.

The ofukula udindo wa thupi ndi magazi kwa ziwalo m'chiuno

Man - cholengedwa okha mu gulu la nyama, amene ziwalo mwamtundu kulemera kuposa khoma m'mimba ndipo m'munsi nthambi lamba, wopangidwa mwa lathyathyathya mafupa m'chiuno. Mitsempha ya magazi a mitsempha m'chiuno umaimiridwa ndi dongosolo abwino kuchokera iliac mtsempha wamagazi wamba. Izi makamaka eni iliac mtsempha wamagazi umene umabweretsa mpweya ndi zakudya ziwalo m'chiuno: ndi rectum, chikhodzodzo, ziwalo kugonana, prostate anthu. Kamodzi maselo a matupi zimenezi zikuchitika ndi wolumikizira magazi kuwombola mpweya nawonso venous, ziwiya - ndi iliac mtsempha - kuyenda mu wosakoma vena cava onyamula magazi atrium lamanja, kumene itha kufalitsa zokhudza zonse.

M'pofunika kuganizira mfundo yakuti ziwalo zonse m'chiuno lalikulu maphunziro okwanira, ndipo iwo zili mu buku ochepa a thupi M'mimbamo izi zimayambitsa azunguliridwa ndi mitsempha kuti kudyetsa matupi awa. Kawirikawiri kumachitika chifukwa yaitali ntchito amangokhala, imene magazi wasweka rectum, chikhodzodzo ndi ziwalo zina. Zimenezi zimabweretsa stagnation, n'zothandiza matenda ndi kutupa mu iwo.

Yobweretsa magazi ziwalo zoberekera za munthu

Kuonetsetsa njira yachibadwa ya zochita za pulasitiki ndi kuwombola mphamvu pa magulu osiyanasiyana a thupi lathu bungwe, kuchokera kutsirizitsa maselo ndi organismic amachita mitsempha ya magazi a matupi aumunthu. ziwalo m'chiuno, zomwe zikuphatikizapo kumaliseche, perfused, monga tatchulazi, kuchokera atsikira msempha, amene achoka ku rami ventral. Mitsempha ya magazi anapanga ziwiya dongosolo maliseche, kuonetsetsa kundipatsako kwa zakudya, mpweya ndi kuchotsa mpweya woipa ndi zina kagayidwe kachakudya.

Male gonads - ndi testes imene okhwima umuna - kupeza magazi wolumikizira kwa mitsempha testicular, anakafika ku msempha m'mimba, ndi outflow venous magazi anagwira testicular mtsempha, mmodzi amene - kumanzere - merges ndi mtsempha kumanzere aimpso ndi ufulu akulowa mwachindunji pansi vena cava. mbolo umaperekedwa ndi mitsempha ya magazi anakafika ku mtsempha wamagazi mkati pudendal: ndi urethral, kumbuyo, anyezi ndi mitsempha kwambiri. venous magazi kuchokera zimakhala mbolo amapereka yaikulu chotengera - kumbuyo zozama za Vienna, kumene chimachititsanso magazi kwa urogenital venous plexus kugwirizana ndi otsika vena cava.

kotunga magazi a aziwadula maliseche ikuchitika dongosolo wolumikizira. Choncho, crotch amalandira magazi kuchokera mtsempha wamagazi mkati pudendal, nthambi ya m'chiberekero umaperekedwa ndi mtsempha wamagazi magazi iliac, amake, ndi thumba losunga mazira ndi Amawapatsa magazi kuchokera msempha m'mimba. Mosiyana zoberekera za mwamuna mu wamkazi anayamba kwambiri venous mtima network inakula webs - anastomosis. Venous magazi loyenda mu mtsempha yamchiberekero m'gulu wosakoma vena cava, kenako amalowa atrium bwino.

M'nkhaniyi takambirana mwatsatanetsatane chitukuko cha machitidwe mtima ziwalo zinyama ndi anthu, kupereka thupi ndi mpweya ndi zakudya zofunika thandizo moyo.