Kodi tinthu zolimba, zakumwa ndi mpweya?

Nkhanizi analankhula osati za mmene particles ali m'magulu zolimba, komanso iwo kusuntha mu mpweya kapena zakumwa. Mitundu ya lattices galasi mu zosiyanasiyana adzakhala anafotokoza.

boma thupi

Pali mfundo zina, kusonyeza pamaso pa limati atatu ankaikira loitanirana, ndicho olimba, madzi ndi mpweya.

The zigawo zikuluzikulu aliyense boma akaphatikiza.

1. zolimba ndi pafupifupi m'khola kukula ndi mawonekedwe. Kusintha otsiriza mabvuto kwambiri popanda ndalama mphamvu zina.
2. Phula akhoza kusintha mawonekedwe mosavuta, koma pa nthawi yomweyo amasunga voliyumu.
3. zinthu gaseous osati kusunga mawonekedwe kapena buku.

Muyezo waukulu umene anatsimikiza ndi boma la loitanirana ndi makonzedwe a mamolekyulu ndi njira m'gulu lawo. The gaseous mankhwala osachepera mtunda pakati mamolekyulu Munthu kwambiri kuposa awo. Nayenso mamolekyulu wa zinthu madzi mulibe kumwazikana mtunda pa nthawi m'mikhalidwe zachilendo kwa iwo ndi kusunga buku awo. The particles mwakhama zolimba ndi m'ndondomeko, aliyense wa iwo, ngati pendulum koloko, zikuzungulirira mfundo makamaka mu latisi krustalo. Ichi chimapereka zolimba mphamvu makamaka ndi stiffness.

Choncho, mu nkhani iyi, funso ambiri ofunika mmene kukonza particles alipo mu zolimba. Nthawi zina zonse, maatomu (mamolekyulu) sali analamula dongosolo.

Features madzi

M'pofunika kupereka ulemu wapadera kwa chakuti madzi ngati mkhalapakati pakati pa boma olimba thupi ndi gawo ake gaseous. Choncho, kutsitsa kutentha kwa solidifies madzi, ndi polera kuposa kuwira mfundo za thunthu akudutsa mu boma gaseous. Komabe, madzi ali kufanana ndi mankhwala olimba ndi gaseous. Choncho, mu 1860, lapadera Russian wasayansi D. I. Mendeleev anakhazikitsa kuli otchedwa kutentha yovuta - kuwira mtheradi. Ichi ndi phindu limene Mwamsanga malire woonda pakati pa mpweya ndi thunthu mu boma olimba.

Muyeso lotsatira, kaphatikizidwe zoyandikana yodziyimira payokha boma - isotropy. Pankhaniyi, katundu muli yemweyo mbali zonse. Timibulu, mudzachitira anisotropic. Mofananamo mipweya, zakumwa mulibe mawonekedwe amodzi ndi kwathunthu kutenga buku la chotengeracho kumene akukhala. Ndiko kuti, ndi kukhuthala otsika ndi mkulu fluidity. Kukumana mzake, madzi kapena mpweya microparticles kwaulere kusamutsidwa. Poyamba ankaganiza kuti buku wotanganidwa ndi madzi, pali gulu mwadongosolo. mamolekyulu. Choncho, madzi ndi mpweya sizilingana mibulu. Koma chifukwa cha maphunziro wotsatira asonyeza kufanana pakati pa zolimba ndi zakumwa.

Mu gawo madzi pa kutentha pafupi ndi solidification matenthedwe kayendedwe akufanana kayendedwe ka zolimba. Pankhaniyi, madzi ayenera dongosolo ena. Choncho, kupereka yankho la funso limeneli, monga particles ali m'magulu zolimba mu zamadzimadzi ndi mipweya, tikhoza kunena kuti wachisokonezo, disordered mu gulu lomaliza la tinthu. koma zolimba, mamolekyulu zatenga nthawi zambiri yeniyeni, atathana malo.

Madzimadzi mu nkhani iyi ndi mtundu wa mkhalapakati. Kwambiri kutentha kwa chithupsa, m'pamenenso mamolekyulu ndi akusuntha mu mpweya wa. Ngati kutentha pafupi kusintha kwa gawo okhazikika, microparticles ayamba kusuntha zambiri mwadongosolo.

Kusintha boma la mankhwala

Taganizirani chitsanzo kwenikweni yosavuta, kusintha kwa zinthu madzi. Ice - ndi gawo olimba a madzi. kutentha kwake - pansi pa ziro. Pa kutentha wofanana ziro, ayezi chimasungunula ndipo inasanduka madzi. Ichi ndi chifukwa chiwonongeko cha kophimba kusitalo; pamene usavutike particles anayamba kusuntha. Kutentha kumene zinthu zimasintha boma akaphatikiza amatchedwa mfundo limatsogolera (Pankhaniyi madzi ndi wofanana 0). Onani kuti kutentha ayezi adzatsala pa yemweyo mlingo kuti mfundo zake limatsogolera. Maatomu kapena mamolekyulu wa madzi kudzalimbikitsa mofanana mu zolimba.

Kenako, kupitiriza kutenthetsa madzi. The tinthu Pankhaniyi anayamba kusunthira intensively bola ngati mankhwala wathu ufikira mfundo ina kusintha m'chigawo cha loitanirana - kuwira mfundo. Chotero kamphindi limapezeka pa nsinga yopuma pakati mamolekyulu ndi analipanga ndi mofulumira gululi - ndiye asadzakhale mu chirengedwe, ndipo kuonedwa ndi madzi akudutsa mu gawo gaseous. The ndondomeko ya kusintha kwa nkhani (madzi) ku gawo madzi kwa gaseous otchedwa kuwira.

Kutentha pa madzi zithupsa, kuwira mfundo foni. Ifeyo mtengo uwu ndi wofanana ndi madigiri 100 Celsius (kutentha amadalira kuthamanga, kuthamanga yachibadwa imodzi mpweya). Dziwani: pamene pali madzi kwathunthu inkagwiritsidwa kuti nthunzi, kutentha ake sichitha.

N'zosiyana kusintha ndondomeko madzi kuchokera kumkhalidwe gaseous (nthunzi) mu madzi, wotchedwa condensation.

Komanso nkutheka kusunga ndondomeko ya yozizira koopsa - kusamba madzi (madzi) mu mawonekedwe olimba (boma koyamba tafotokozazi - ndi ayezi). Njira tafotokozazi kulola kuti kuyankha mwachindunji mmene particles ali m'magulu zolimba, zakumwa ndiponso gasi. Tsambali ndi chikhalidwe cha mamolekyulu ndi zinthu zimadalira uliri wa loitanirana.

Kodi olimba? Khalidwe la microparticles mu izo?

Olimba - boma ndi chilengedwe, ndi ofala amene ndicho kukhala ndi mawonekedwe nthawi zonse ndi uthunthu zonse matenthedwe zoyenda wa microparticles kuchita kusinthasintha zazing'ono. thupi akhale olimba, madzi ndi boma gaseous. Palinso boma yachinayi, zimene akatswiri a masiku ano timakonda kunena kuti chiwerengero cha akaphatikiza - otchedwa plasma.

Motero, vuto loyamba, chinthu chilichonse zambiri ali zonse wosasintha mawonekedwe ndipo kumakhudza yaikulu njira particles ali m'magulu zolimba. Pa mlingo tosaoneka ndi maso, kuoneka kuti maatomu amene amapanga olimba, olumikiza mzake mwa maunyolo mankhwala ndipo mu latisi krustalo.

Koma pali zosiyana - zipangizo amorphous, amene ali olimba, koma pamaso pa latisi galasi sangathe kudzitama. Izo kuyambira izi ndipo angathe kupereka yankho kwa mmene particles ali m'magulu zolimba. Physics m'nkhani yoyamba limasonyeza kuti maatomu kapena mamolekyulu ali mu malo latisi. Koma mu nkhani yachiwiri ya dongosolo zofanana, ndithu, ndi mankhwala ali ngati madzi.

Physics ndi kapangidwe zotheka thupi olimba

Pankhaniyi, chuma amamuchititsa kukhala buku lake ndipo, ndithudi, mawonekedwe. Kutanthauza kuti kusintha otsiriza, khama ayenera kukhala ndi izo ziribe kanthu kaya ndi nkhani ya zitsulo, ndi chidutswa cha pulasitiki kapena dongo. chifukwa lagona pa kapangidwe ake maselo. Kukhala yokwanira bwino kulankhula, mu mogwirizana kwa maselo amene amapanga thupi. Pankhaniyi ali wapafupi. makonzedwe amenewa a mamolekyulu ndi iterative. N'chifukwa chake asilikali kukopeka pakati pa zigawo zikuluzikulu izi ndi mkulu.

Mogwirizana kwa microparticles anafotokoza chikhalidwe cha m'gulu lawo. Kutiumba kapena buku la thupi ili olimba kusintha mbali ina ndi zovuta. particles olimba a m'thupi ndi kuyenda mosintha mu buku la thupi lolimba, koma zitha kwanthawi mozungulira mfundo makamaka mu mlengalenga. olimba boma mamolekyulu kwanthawi mosintha mu madera osiyana, koma mutatulukira yokha ngati kuti abwerere iwo boma awo oyambirira. Ndicho chifukwa tinthu zolimba zambiri ili mu dongosolo mosamalitsa kumatanthauza.

Particles ndi makonzedwe awo olimba

matupi olimba angakhale mitundu itatu: crystalline amorphous ndi nsanganizo. Ndi mipweya zimakhudza malo a tinthu zolimba.

zolimba Tinthu ndi dongosolo analamula. maatomu awa kapena mamolekyulu kupanga galasi latisi okhudza malo olondola mawonekedwe. Choncho, olimba, umene uli boma crystalline ali mibulu latisi yapadera yomwe Nayenso n'chakuti katundu wina thupi. Izi ndi yankho mmene particles ali m'magulu olimba.

Pano pali chitsanzo: zaka zambiri zapitazo mu St. Petersburg mu nyumba yosungiramo katundu kugwira katundu wa wanzeru mabatani woyera tini, amene pa otsika kutentha ataya luster awo ndi woyera zitsulo imvi. Mabatani anayamba kugwa kwa imvi ufa. "Tin mliri" - otchedwa "matenda" koma kwenikweni anali kukonzanso dongosolo la galasi mchikakamizo cha kutentha otsika. Tin mu kusintha kwa woyera kuti imvi zosiyanasiyana silimba ufa. Timibulu Zikatero, anawagawa mono- ndi polycrystalline.

timibulu Single ndi polycrystalline

timibulu Single (sodium wochuluka mchere) - ndi homogeneous timibulu umodzi ankaimira mosalekeza galasi latisi mu mawonekedwe a polygons zonse. Polycrystals (mchenga, shuga, zitsulo, miyala) - matupi crystalline amene mwakula pamodzi ochepa, timibulu mosintha kugawa. timibulu anaona chodabwitsa anisotropy.

Amorphousness: nkhani yapadera

Amorphous thupi (utomoni wopambana, ayendetse, galasi, Amber) osati kuchotsa kuti okhwima mu dongosolo la particles. Choncho zachilendo, mu dongosolo ndi tinthu zolimba. Pankhaniyi, pali chodabwitsa katundu isotropic thupi la zolimba amorphous ali yemweyo mu njira zonse. Pa kutentha, iwo anakhala ngati madzimadzi viscous, ndi pa otsika - ngati zolimba. Pamene mphamvu kunja imodzi kuonetsa katundu zotanuka, i.e. mng'alu pamene anapha particles kakang'ono monga zolimba, ndi fluidity: kutentha pa kukhudzana yaitali kuyamba kuyenda monga madzi. Mulibe yotsimikizika limatsogolera ndi crystallization kutentha. Pamene usavutike, anasintha thupi amorphous.

Zitsanzo zipangizo amorphous

Mwachitsanzo, shuga wamba ndi kudziwa malo kwa particles mu zolimba mu zochitika zosiyanasiyana chitsanzo chake. Pankhaniyi, nkhani yomweyo kumachitika mu mawonekedwe crystalline kapena amorphous. Pamene shuga osungunula pang'onopang'ono solidifies, mamolekyulu ndi kupanga molunjika mizere - makhiristo (tebulo shuga kapena shuga). Ngati shuga kusungunuka Mwachitsanzo, anazitsanulira mwa madzi ozizira, kuzirala zimachitika mofulumira kwambiri, ndi tinthu alibe nthawi kupanga mizere zonse - pa Sungunulani solidifies popanda kuchita mibulu. Monga likukhalira shuga maswiti (ili sanali crystalline shuga).

Koma patapita kanthawi, zinthu zikhoza recrystallized, particles ali pamodzi mizere zonse. Ngati shuga maswiti pogona kwa miyezi ingapo, izo lidzayamba ataphimbidwa ndi wosanjikiza lotayirira. Popeza timibulu kuoneka padziko. Shuga adzakhala ochepa miyezi nyengo, ndi mwala - zaka mamiliyoni ambiri. Mwachitsanzo wapadera ndi mpweya. Graphite - ndi mpweya crystalline akuphatikizapo magawo. A diamondi - ndi mchere chovuta padziko lapansi, akhoza kudula galasi n'kuona miyala, iwo ntchito pobowola ndi kupukuta. Pankhaniyi chinthu chimodzi - mpweya, koma zakuti ndi kuthekera kupanga zosiyanasiyana crystalline. Ichi ndi yankho lina mmene particles ali m'magulu olimba.

Zotsatira. Pomaliza

Kapangidwe ndi makonzedwe a particles mu zolimba zimadalira zimene mtundu uli ndi thunthu mu funso. Ngati thunthu ndi crystalline malo microparticles ndi mudzavala mwadongosolo. Kapangidwe amorphous bokosi ngati alibe nazo. Koma nsanganizo mwina ndine onse gulu loyamba ndi lachiwiri.

Mwachitsanzo, madzi khalidwe chimodzimodzi olimba (pa kutentha otsika, amene ali pafupi ndi kutentha crystallization), koma zingachititse ndi mpweya (ngati kuchuluka). Choncho, zinthu zimene mwaphunzila izo ankaona ngati particles zili osati zolimba ndi mayiko ena yaikulu ya wothandizila loitanirana.