Mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa Arsenic: Arsenic Chemical Katundu

Musanawerenge mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa Arsenic, kudziwa malo ake mu Table nthawi ndi nthawi ndi mbali structural. Komanso, itanani zofunika thupi ndi mankhwala katundu wa zinthu mankhwala.

Zimene zikuchitika ku SS

Kuweta mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa Arsenic, katundu mankhwala, ofunsira - izi zonse angapezeke ndi kuyang'ana pa malo amafotokozera mu dongosolo nthawi. Arsenic ili mu gulu lachisanu subgroup yaikulu ndi banja woimira asafe. Iye ali ndi wachibale atomiki misa 74,9216. Kuweta digiri Arsenic makutidwe ndi okosijeni ogwirizana ndi gulu yomwe amasungidwa MS lapansi. Izi amafotokozera 33 ali ndi chiwerengero siriyo. chiwerengero cha milingo mphamvu lolingana ndi chiwerengero cha nthawi imene katunduyo ili, ndi zinayi.

Taonani dongosolo la ma elekitironi aliyense envelopu nyukiliya. Pa woyamba mlingo mphamvu ndi ziwiri basi wophatikizidwa ma elekitironi, wachiwiri chipolopolo particles zatenga eyiti: 2s ndi 6p. Pa mlingo wachitatu mwa iwo, ili khumi D-ma elekitironi, kuti ndi particles 18 okha. Kunja mlingo mphamvu ndi 2s-elekitironi, ndi atatu tsa-unpaired elekitironi. Kuti chiwerengero cha ma elekitironi valence ndiyo digiri zotheka wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa Arsenic.

masamba a mbiriyakale

Iwo Arsenic amatanthauza zinthu zisanu "alchemical", kuyambira Zapakati. Mfundo chidwi n'chakuti anayi a iwo ali mu gulu wachisanu wa SS. Mu masiku amenewo palibe aliyense akanakhoza kudziwa mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa Arsenic, koma kugwirizana bwinobwino ntchito kupanga mankhwala kupanga mitundu.

Pambuyo kusintha kwa Age Stone kwa Mkuwa Age, anthu aphunzira kubala aloyi ndi makhalidwe wapadera. Iwo likukhalira kuti inkakhala peresenti 7 Arsenic ndi peresenti 3 lata. Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti pamene yadothi woyamba zamkuwa m'malo Malachite, ndi mtundu wobiriwira, molakwika anatenga wobiriwira mkuwa Arsenic sulfide mchere.

Ntchito zodabwitsa za aloyi chifukwa anamuika otchuka pakati ambuye akale. Iwo makamaka kuyang'ana mu mchere chikhalidwe munali anati mankhwala.

KUSIYANA KWA mankhwala Arsenic mu makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa mtundu zabwino, mogwirizana ndi valency ake apamwamba. Kudziwa sulfides munali Arsenic, mchere usavutike. Maonekedwe a fungo yeniyeni adyo ndi chitsimikizo cha kukhalapo mu pawiri Arsenic. Pang'onopang'ono, kuchokera yadothi zamkuwa Arsenous anakana. Mwa zifukwa kuchotsa yopanga zimene asayansi kuyitana poyizoni nzika za ambuye kuntchito.

mchere zachilengedwe

Mu maonekedwe a chinthu mchere pansi kulingalira amadziwika kuyambira kale. Mwachitsanzo, makutidwe ndi okosijeni nambala ya 3 pawiri la zinaonetsedwa pa chionetserocho Arsenic amadziwika Ancient China monga "Stannaries fumbi." Aristotle anafotokoza sandarac mchere woimira Arsenic sulfide. Kumasulira kwa chinenero Latin dzina zikumveka ngati "utoto golide". Ife kuziyika izo mu masiku amenewa utoto wachikasu.

Mu asayansi atumwi khumi limatchula magulu atatu osiyana a zinthu. Mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa Arsenic mu mankhwala umaimiridwa ndi mitundu izi mogwirizana ndi chiwerengero gulu. Kuzitcha izo woyera Arsenic hexavalent oxide sulfide otchedwa wachikasu ndi wofiira - As4S4 (pararealgar).

White chimake zosafunika chinapezeka mwa sublimation mu mfuti ndondomeko ya mkuwa ores, zimene zikuchokera Arsenic m'gulu. Monga condensation ku chikhalidwe gaseous amapezeka mafunsidwe a okusayidi Arsenic monga zolengeza woyera. Iye ali kuyambira nthawi yakale ntchito ngati njira kulamulira tizilombo.

M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chitatu, Albert Wamkulu chinapezeka metalloobraznoe mankhwala. Iye usavutike ndi sopo ndi wachikasu Arsenic. Thunthu akamagwira ntchito mogwirizana osati anavomereza "kulankhulana mwachinsinsi" mapulaneti asanu ndi zitsulo. Mwina ndiye chifukwa zotsutsana chowululidwa ndi asayansi yakale Arsenic kuti "wapathengo" amafotokozera. Izo zinali mu masiku amenewo zinawululidwa luso kukakambirana mkuwa woyera, choncho anatchedwa njira "whitening Venus."

Monga chinthu munthu amafotokozera mankhwala wakhala kuzindikiridwa basi pakati pa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri. German pharmacist Johann Schroeder anakwanitsa kusakonda izo, ndi kuchepetsa mankhwala oxides mpweya. Patapita nthawi, izo anakwanitsa kusakonda Nikole Lemeri zitsulo Kutentha potashi sopo, Arsenic okusayidi. M'zaka za m'ma 18, zitsulo ichi chakhala ndi dzina yachilendo "theka".

Mu m'ma 18 Swedish sayansi K. V. Sheele chinapezeka asidi Arsenic, amene amadera mlingo wapamwamba wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa Arsenic +5. M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi organic zinthu zomwe zili Arsenic anafotokozedwa.

Kukhala chikhalidwe

Apamwamba m'munsi mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa Arsenic zimachitika mankhwala zachilengedwe. Mu kutumphuka kuchuluka ndende ya chinthu anapatsidwa si upambana magalamu 5 pa tani. Mu mchere ambiri, muli pamodzi ndi faifi tambala, cobalt, mkuwa, chitsulo.

Panopa, pali mazana awiri osiyana mchere zachilengedwe, monga amafotokozera mankhwala kuonedwa ndi ife. Popeza kuti iwo asonyeze mlingo wapamwamba ndi kunsi kwa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa Arsenic, iwo ndi ntchito zosiyana. Mwachitsanzo, molumikizana ndi antimony Arsenic amasonyeza makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma negative. Poganizira chakuti zitsulo izi ndi otsika electronegativity, digiri m'munsi wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa Arsenic ndi -3. chithunzi ndi zina kwa arsenides, komanso allemontita mchere.

mankhwala ambiri ndi zitsulo Arsenic, anapatsidwa kulunjika kwa zikuchokera, ndi pawiri intermetallic, yodziwika ndi mosiyanasiyana zikuchokera amafotokozera mankhwala.

makhalidwe arsenide

Pakuti arsenide yodziwika ndi ochititsa zitsulo zingapo ndi dongosolo chimodzimodzi lattices krustalo. mchere yodziwika ndi luster zachitsulo, ndi opaque, ndi wochepa kuuma.

Monga zitsanzo za arsenide zachilengedwe mukhoza kuganizira mankhwala zotsatirazi:

• loellingite ofanana ndi galasi;
• nickeline amatchedwa wofiira faifi tambala galasi;
• langisit;
• Oregon;
• sperrylite.

Ndithudi, izi si ndandanda ya mchere ngati - panopa zimatulutsa pafupi twente-faifi mankhwala awa. Pakati ambiri mu chikhalidwe akhoza kutchulidwa arsenopyrite otchedwa arsenical pyrites. Ndi mankhwala akamagwira m'malo ndi atomu sulfa m'magawo Arsenic galasi. Mankhwala a dongosolo amenewa, amene si chimene chikuoneka pa mlingo wapamwamba wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa Arsenic amatchedwa sulphosalts.

Anzawo mukukhulupirira cobalt kudzawala gersdorffite, enargite ndi Proust. Yotsirizira ndi yofunika siliva miyala ili wosanjikiza chapamwamba wapatali moyo. Kapangidwe sulfosalts zingaphatikizepo wolemekezeka zitsulo za gulu pulatinamu. Pakati pawo chidwi irarsite ndi orsit. zikuchokera awo ndi zitsulo osowa ntchito monga catalysts kwambiri syntheses organic ndi zochita kupanga.

Mlingo pazipita makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa Arsenic zikusonyezedwa sulphides zachilengedwe. Mwachitsanzo, lalanje-chikasu dimorph woimira ndi sulfide Arsenic (5). Mu mmasate Mu zaka zapitazo, madipoziti chilengedwe cha orpiment, kuphatikizapo mamembala ake sulfide, trivalent Arsenic, kum'mwera kwa Verkhoyansk manambala anapezeka. Kukula ndi timibulu wapezeka anali pafupifupi masentimita 60 m'litali, ndi kulemera pafupifupi makilogalamu 30.

makhalidwe arsenates

Zotheka mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni salt Arsenic tinganene kuti mwachitsanzo. Choncho, Arsenic mankhwala asidi anatchula arsenate chionetsero mlingo pazipita chifukwa zitsulo: 5. Monga zitsanzo za mankhwala amenewa alipo erythrite kukhala wowala mtundu pinki. Mchere anatchula cobalt mtundu, izo ziyenera chilinganizo Co3 (AsO4) 2 * 8H ₂ O. N'zothekanso kuona Gasparo bulauni yofiira hue monga (CE, La, na-) ArO _4.

Pakati pa Sweden anapeza ntchito langbanovskie ferromanganese, kumene anapezeka ndi yodziwika za makumi asanu arsenates osiyana. mankhwala awa anapanga mwa kuchita asidi arsenous ndi hydroxide manganese, (2) pa otsika kutentha.

Zimene zimaoneka arsenate mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa Arsenic? Makhalidwe a mchere awa m'menemo akutsimikiza pamaso pa sulfure. Ngakhale kupanda ntchito mafakitale, maonekedwe awo zokongoletsa zimawachititsa oyenera kulenga zopereka mineralogical.

An nkhani chidwi ali kupfernikel kuti likufanana ndi Nichelino mchere. Medieval Anthuwa German faifi tambala lotchedwa phiri mzimu woyipa, ndi "mkuwa yabodza" otchedwa "kupfernikelem". Ambuye zidavumbulutsidwa kufanana mkuwa wofiira timibulu mchere mkuwa ores. Anawagwiritsa ntchito galasi kupereka mankhwala ndi analandira wobiriwira. Only m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu m'ma mineralogist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt anakwanitsa kusakonda ku faifi tambala mchere.

Katundu m'chilengedwe

Arsenic kwambiri inert, choncho angapezeke mu boma mbadwa. Chotero zitsulo mbali kuyambira awiri peresenti sikisitini zosafunika, makamaka iwo ndi siliva, chitsulo, cobalt, faifi tambala. Mu dziko lathu anatulukira ndi Akatswiriwa mbadwa Arsenic m'dera Amur, Transbaikalia.

Angapezeke mu miyala ndi mchere, ndi zomera, kotero salakwa zambiri amatchedwa chinthu ubiquitous.

ndi pazipita ndi digiri osachepera makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa Arsenic chiyani? Mtengo wapatali kwambiri limafanana ndi chiwerengero gulu, m'mene amafotokozera yogwira ili, ndipo +5. Ndi khalidwe la mankhwala umene akusonyeza kuchepetsa katundu. Werengani mankhwala zambiri za zitsulo wapadera tikambirana ina.

Lonse Arsenic anagawira omangidwa kwambiri. chifukwa ndi mapangidwe lithosphere ndi mu sorption ndi desorption njira kunachitika m'dambo ndi dothi.

Chifukwa solubility kwambiri zitsulo mu madzi mosavuta zimachokera. Mwachitsanzo, mu nyengo chinyezi kumachitika leaching dothi, kenako kuyenda pamodzi ndi pansi, mitsinje.

zotsatira zokhudza thupi

Kuchuluka zochuluka Arsenic ali madzi mchere. Pali ena malamulo zili zitsulo. Pamene choposa mfundo chovomerezeka pali loopsa kwambiri kuvulaza thupi. Pa kafukufuku mankhwala, chinapezeka kuti zachilengedwe Arsenic madzi akhoza kupezeka m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Kodi tiyenera mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa Arsenic? The katundu wa mankhwala opezeka mu madzi kuti atsimikizire pamaso pa zitsulo mu mawonekedwe a arsenous asidi njira.

Arsenic mu mawonekedwe moyo lili 6 mg wa pa 1 makilogalamu. Part wa algae akhoza kudziunjikira chinthu anatchula moti n'koopsa kwa thupi. Ena mwa mitundu akupezeka m'mayiko Asian, amatha zikupitiriza mu njira koyera acid. Iwo ntchito monga njira makoswe kulamulira. Mu ubongo minofu, ndi okwanira kuchuluka kwa zitsulo m'minofu ake. Komanso, alipo mu mbale msomali ndi atasunga tsitsi.

specifications thupi

Ngakhale kuti Arsenic akufanana ndi zitsulo, ulinso ndi zizindikiro sanali zachitsulo. Mwachitsanzo, si angathe kupanga salt ndi chidulo sulfuric akuchita asidi amafotokozera. Arsenic chingakhale zosintha zosiyanasiyana allotropic Pokumbukira phosphorous. Khola kwambiri ndi imvi Arsenic, amene sublimes pamene usavutike chimodzimodzi ayodini.

Ndi kusinthidwa uyu wa madutsidwe magetsi otsika kwa mkuwa koma kuposa mankhwala enaake. Pa yozizira nthunzi Arsenic mukhoza kupeza zofewa mandala chikasu mankhwala ofanana ndi phosphorous chikasu. Pa Kutentha, izo n'kukhala osiyana allotropic kusinthidwa wa zinthu mankhwala.

Pamene Arsenic nthunzi mafunsidwe pa galasi angaone maonekedwe a galasi filimu.

mankhwala Arsenic

Mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa Arsenic mu okusayidi pamwamba 5, mogwirizana ndi valence ake apamwamba. Koma sublimation zitsulo nthunzi mu mpweya chinyezi anapanga wakuda filimu Arsenic anhydride ake As2O _3. Ndi mu mawonekedwe woterewu kwenikweni ndi okusayidi wa mchitidwe wa. okusayidi Izi akusonyeza katundu amphoteric mankhwala.

Mu ndondomekoyi makutidwe ndi okosijeni iwo anatembenukira kwa okusayidi apamwamba, amene amanena za kufunika kwa Arsenic makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma +5.

Zitsulo koyera ndi oxidized ndi kuchepetsa asidi nitric kuti ortomyshyakovistoy asidi H ₃ AsO _3, chomwe ali valence wa 3. Mu mankhwala zizindikiro zawo amaona sing'anga asidi amphamvu analogously asidi boric. Salt kuganizira arsenite naonetsere zobwezeretsa katundu yowala.

Chitsulo mankhwala enaake ali ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni boma +3, wokhala amafotokozera mmene zitsulo. arsenides Saltlike, popangidwa ndi anachita ndi zitsulo yogwira kukumana amadzimadzi hydrolysis. Mwachitsanzo, arsine (phulusa ₃₎ ndi poizoni colorless gasi, wopanda fungo.

mankhwala organometallic

Arsenic amatha kupanga mankhwala osiyanasiyana organometallic. Mwachitsanzo, mu mochedwa 18 m'ma distillative okusayidi wa Arsenic (3) potaziyamu nthochi, chinapezeka fuming madzi ndi chinthu chosangalatsa fungo. The mankhwala chifukwa dzina lake alarsinom. maphunziro wotsatira anapeza kuti gawo lake la Arsenic alipo.

M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi mochedwa, arsines zonunkhira ndi apanga. Chisoni zinachitikadi pansi zochita za chisakanizo cha trichloride Arsenic ndi aryl halide ndi sodium wochuluka zachitsulo. Ena mwa mankhwala amenewa zasonyeza katundu antimicrobial. Pakali pano, kaphatikizidwe wa zikwizikwi zinthu Arsenic organic.

Ntchito Arsenic

Anthu oposa theka la zitsulo opangidwa ntchito mu mawonekedwe a mankhwala osiyanasiyana. Mu maonekedwe ake koyera, pafupifupi konse ntchito. Zedi yaing'ono izo anadzetsa kuchitira kasakaniza wazitsulo. zina ndi amadza zabwino kuuma kwa chotsirizidwa, kotero iwo ankafuna kupanga zingwe ndi mabatire magetsi.

Mlingo osachepera Arsenic amathandiza kusintha kukana dzimbiri, kusintha zizindikiro ikukhudzana mkuwa ndi mkuwa. Ngati chinthu ichi lilibe zosafunika zina, zimene zinachitikira chikunenera mu kupanga zipangizo michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi. Kulenga iwo, Arsenic ndi alloyed ndi germanium kapena pakachitsulo.

Komanso ndi dopant kwambiri kulenga zitsulo. Mtengo wapatali zofuna nsonga Arsenic ndipo sanali akakhala zitsulo. Ngakhale ndi wokhutira otsika mu aloyi akhoza amasintha mphamvu ya mankhwala chopangidwa. Arsenic kumawonjezera fluidity pa kuponyera mkuwa, zimveke kupeza waya.

Palinso ena zoipa zotsatira za izi kupanga kusintha zitsulo. kukhalapo kwake mu ndondomeko miyala kwasanduka yopangira woopsawo.

Pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya arsenic, mchere wake wotchuka umakhala wochititsa chidwi. Pakali pano amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu makampani opanga galasi. Mafuta okhala ndi chizindikiro cha +5 ali ofunikira monga antiseptics. Cholinga cha kusintha ndi chimodzi mwa zofunikira kwambiri pakampani zamakono zamakono, monga momwe zimasonyezera zida ziwiri potsata chilengedwe.