The zitsulo pulatinamu gulu: mubwereze pa mndandanda, katundu ndi ntchito

Platinum gulu zitsulo - ndi asanu wolemekezeka wapatali zinthu mankhwala amene juxtaposed mu tebulo nthawi. Onse ali kusintha zitsulo za magulu 5-6, 8-10 nthawi.

Platinum Gulu Miyala: List

gulu imakhala zotsatirazi asanu zinthu mankhwala anakonza kuti cha kuchuluka kwa kulemera atomiki:

• Ru - ruthenium.
• RH - Rhodium.
• PD - palladium.
• Os - Os.
• Iri - iridium.
• Pt - pulatinamu.

zitsulo gulu Platinum ndi silvery-woyera hue, kupatulapo osmium, amene mtundu ndi bluish-woyera. paradoxical awo mankhwala khalidwe chakuti kugonjetsedwa kwambiri kwa reagents kwambiri, koma ntchito monga catalysts kapena mofulumira mosavuta kulamulira mlingo wa zochita makutidwe ndi okosijeni, kuchepetsa ndi hydrogenation.

Ruthenium ndi osmium ali analimbikitsa mu hexagonal pafupi chidwi dongosolo, pamene ena ndi nkhope zokha dongosolo kiyubiki. Zimenezi zimaonekera kuuma wamkulu wa ruthenium ndi osmium.

History of anapeza

Ngakhale zakale pulatinamu-golide pachibwenzi ndi 700 BC. e., cha kukhalapo zitsulo ndi m'malo mwangozi kuposa zonse. Ajezwiti m'zaka XVI, yemwe tamutchula wandiweyani timiyala imvi kugwirizana ndi madipoziti alluvial golide. miyala iyi sangathe kusungunuka, koma iwo kupanga aloyi ndi golidi, bullion amakhala Chimaona, ndipo kunali kosatheka kuti ayeretse. Miyala anayamba kuitana platina del Pinto - pellets zakuthupi zasiliva kwa Pinto Mtsinje, ndi tributary la mtsinje San Juan ku Colombia.

Malleable pulatinamu, sipangakhalenso zimapezeka kokha pambuyo kuyeretsa kwathunthu zitsulo, anali anam'sankha ndi French sayansi Shaba mu 1789. Kuyambira izo zinapangidwa chikho, anapereka kwa Papa Pius VI. Pa kutsegula kwa palladium mu 1802, anati English sayansi William Wollaston, amene dzina lake mankhwala. pulatinamu-gulu zitsulo mchitidwe pambuyo asteroid lapansi. Wollaston kenako ananena atulukira chinthu china pano mu pulatinamu miyala. Iwo anaitana rhodium chifukwa cha mtundu pinki salt chitsulo. Inayambira iridium (dzina la mulungu wa utawaleza Iris chifukwa cha variegated salt zake) ndi osmium (kuchokera Greek mawu "fungo" chifukwa cha chlorine fungo la okusayidi ake oyaka) zinalengedwa mwa sayansi British Smithson Tennant mu 1803. French asayansi Hippolyte Victor Collet-Deskoti, Antoine-Fransua Furkrua, ndi Nicolas-Lui Voklen kuzindikiridwa zitsulo ziwiri nthawi imodzi. Ruthenium kutali ndi kuzindikiridwa ndi zinthu otsiriza nalo dzina lake pa Latin dzina la Russian ndi Russian sayansi Karl Karlovich Klaus mu 1844.

Mosiyana ngati mosavuta olekanitsidwa boma ndi wowona ndi wothandizila yosavuta moto kuyenga monga golide, siliva ndi zitsulo za gulu pulatinamu amafuna zovuta amadzimadzi mankhwala mankhwala. Njirazi analibe mpaka m'ma 19 mochedwa, kotero chizindikiritso ndi kudzipatula pulatinamu gulu lagged kumbuyo siliva ndi golide kwa zaka. Komanso mkulu limatsogolera mfundo zitsulo awa okha ntchito zawo mpaka ofufuza ku Britain, France, Germany ndi Russia kuti sunayambe njira pulatinamu kutembenuka mu mawonekedwe oyenera processing. Monga zitsulo zamtengo wapatali wa gulu pulatinamu zinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu zodzikongoletsera kuyambira 1900. Ngakhale ntchito imeneyi akadali othandizanso zambiri mafakitale zake zinaposa. Palladium wakhala chuma otchuka kwambiri kulankhula mu kachitidwe kulandirana foni ndi zina mauthenga opanda zingwe, kuonetsetsa moyo wautali utumiki ndiponso kudalirika, ndi pulatinamu, chifukwa cha kukana ake kuti muyambe kukokoloka, pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World zinayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito mu mapulagi nkhondowo ndege.

Nkhondo itatha ya maselo njira kutambasuka kutembenuka mu mafuta kuyenga kwachititsa kuti pakhale kufunika wautali kwambiri kwa katundu othandizira wogwidwa ndi zitsulo ku gulu pulatinamu. Ndi 1970, ndi mowa chawonjezeka kwambiri pamene mfundo mpweya galimoto mu US ndi mayiko ena kwachititsa anthu kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala amenewa kutembenuka othandizira mpweya utsi.

miyalayo

Kupatula zochepa alluvial miyala ya pulatinamu, palladium ndi osmiridium (ndi aloyi wa iridium ndi osmium), pafupifupi palibe miyala, zimene zakhala yaikulu chigawo mankhwala mchitidwe - chitsulo pulatinamu gulu. Mchere zambiri zili sulfide ores, makamaka pentlandite (Ni, Fe) ₉ S _8. The laurite ambiri Lazaro _2, irarsite, (iri, Ru, uchembere wabwino, pt) bulu, osmiridium (iri, Os), cooperite, (mgw) ndi Bragg anati (pt, PD) S.

padziko lonse lapansi gawo la zitsulo pulatinamu gulu - Bushveld lovuta South Africa. m'matangadza Large a zipangizo wambiri miyala ya Sudbury ku Canada ndi Norilsk-Talnakh ku Siberia. Mu US, ndi madipoziti yaikulu ya mchere pulatinamu gulu zili Stillwater, Montana, koma apa iwo ali ang'onoang'ono kwambiri kuposa South Africa ndi Russia. waukulu pulatinamu alimi a padziko lapansi South Africa, Russia, Zimbabwe ndi Canada.

Migodi ndi kuyenga

Major South African ndi Canada wanga ntchito ndi njira migodi. Pafupifupi onse a zitsulo pulatinamu pagulu yotengedwa mchere mkuwa kapena faifi tambala sulfide ntchito flotation kulekana. Kusungunuka maganizo umabala osakaniza amene kutsukidwa zamkuwa ndi faifi tambala sulphides mu autoclave ndi. Leaching otsala olimba lili ku 15 kuti 20% zitsulo pulatinamu gulu.

Nthawi zina asamire ntchito yokoka kulekana. Chifukwa ndi maganizo munali 50% wa zitsulo pulatinamu, amene kumatha kufunika yadothi.

katundu mawotchi

The zitsulo pulatinamu gulu ali kwambiri katundu osiyana makina. Platinum ndi palladium zofewa kwambiri ndi malleable kwambiri. Ndi zitsulo awa ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo awo akhoza kuthamanga onse otentha ndi ozizira. Rhodium koyamba ankachitira ndi otentha, ndiyeno angathe kuchizidwa ndi ozizira mwachilungamo pafupipafupi annealing. Iridium ndi ruthenium ayenera usavutike, ntchito ozizira, iwo musataye.

Osmium - olimba ndi gulu ali apamwamba limatsogolera kutentha, koma chizolowezi chake kwa makutidwe ndi okosijeni ukutilepheretsa kuchita yake. Iridium kwambiri dzimbiri zosagwira ya pulatinamu zitsulo, rhodium ndipo timaliyamikira kwambiri chifukwa kuteteza katundu wawo pa kutentha.

ofunsira structural

Woyera annealed pulatinamu ndi yofewa kwambiri, ndi atengeke zimakhalapo ndi kuwonongeka. Kuonjezera kuuma yake zinaphatikizidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zina. Platinum zodzikongoletsera chotchuka kwambiri mu Japan, kumene umatchedwa "Hackin" ndi "golide woyera". Kasakaniza wazitsulo kwa zodzikongoletsera munali 90% pt ndi 10% PD, lomwe ndi zosavuta kusamalira ndi soldering. Kuwonjezera ruthenium bwino kuuma aloyi ndi popitiriza kulimbikira makutidwe ndi okosijeni. The kasakaniza wazitsulo ya pulatinamu, palladium ndi mkuwa ntchito mankhwala linapanga, popeza kovuta pulatinamu-palladium ndi zosawonongetsa ndalama zambiri.

Crucibles ntchito yopangira timibulu limodzi makampani michenga yopangira zida zamagetsi, amafuna kukana dzimbiri ndi kukhazikika pa kutentha. Mupulogalamuyi, ndi bwino yosayenera pulatinamu, pulatinamu-rhodium, ndi iridium. Platinum-rhodium aloyi ntchito yopanga thermocouples amene ntchito kuyeza kutentha kwa 1800 ° C. Palladium ntchito kaya choyera kapena mu mawonekedwe wosanganiza mu zipangizo zamagetsi (50% mowa), mu kasakaniza wazitsulo mano (30%). Rhodium, ruthenium ndi osmium kawirikawiri ntchito mu maonekedwe ake angwiro - amatumikira dopant kwa ena zitsulo pulatinamu gulu.

catalysts

About 42% ya pulatinamu opangidwa mu West, ntchito monga chothandizira. Awa, 90% ntchito mu galimoto machitidwe utsi, mmene pellets refractory kapena uchi TACHIMATA ndi pulatinamu (ndi palladium, ndi rhodium) Polimbikitsa kutembenuka kwa chimasanduka unburned, mpweya monoxide ndi oxides asafe mu madzi, mpweya woipa ndi asafe.

An aloyi ya pulatinamu ndi 10% rhodium mu mawonekedwe a red-hot gululi zitsulo akutumikira monga chothandizira mu anachita pakati ammonia ndi mpweya kubala oxides asafe ndi asidi nitric. Pamene kudyetsa la ammonia ndi dziko osakaniza angathe kukonzekera asidi hydrocyanic. Pamene akuyenga pulatinamu padziko ya granules aluminiyamu mu riyakitala ndi kuthandiza munthu kutembenuka kwa nthawi yaitali unyolo nthambi mamolekyulu mafuta mu isoparaffins amene analakalaka chisakanizo cha mkulu-octeni mafuta.

Electroplating

Onse zitsulo pulatinamu gulu ingagwiritsidwe galvanically. Chifukwa chakulimba ndi gloss wa ❖ kuyanika ambiri inakwaniritsidwa rhodium. Ngakhale kufunika kwake pa thicknesses mofanana kuposa pulatinamu m'munsi kachulukidwe amalola ntchito zochepa kulemera kwa zinthu.

Palladium - pulatinamu gulu zitsulo, lomwe ndi yosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito bwino wokutira. Chifukwa mphamvu ya ukuwonjezeka zinthu kwambiri. Ruthenium wapeza ntchito ku zida anafuna zochizira mikangano pa mochedwerako.

mankhwala

maofesi Organic zitsulo pulatinamu gulu monga alkilplatiny maofesi ntchito monga catalysts mu polymerization wa olefins, ulimi wa polypropylene ndi polyethylene, komanso makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa ethylene kuti acetaldehyde.

pulatinamu salt ayamba ntchito khansa mankhwala amphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, iwo ali mbali ya mankhwala monga "Carboplatin" ndi "Cisplatin". Ruthenium okusayidi TACHIMATA maelekitirodi ntchito yopanga chlorine ndi sodium wochuluka chlorate. Rhodium sulphate ndi rhodium mankwala ntchito electroplating osambira.