M'zilembo za akhungu. Kodi kuphunzira kuwerenga ndi kulemba zilembo za anthu akhungu

Khungu - chikhalidwe chimene chimachitika pamene imfa kwathunthu kwa masomphenya maso awiri. Munthu yense pamodzi ndi kumva kuwala ndi chinthu kuti tione. A chikhalidwe ofanana zikhoza kulepheretsa mphamvu za kuyenda mu chilengedwe (khungu banja) alephera kuchita ntchito yawo mothandizidwa zosiyanasiyana zipangizo kuwala (katswiri).

zifukwa

Violation kapena imfa ya masomphenya bwino zimayamba ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Zotsatira za matenda kapena intrauterine malformations yoopsa kungadzutse khungu kobadwa nako. Masomphenya imfa imagwira ana akale akale kuposa zaka khumi ndi achikulire amene anakwanitsa zaka makumi asanu. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti mwana kapena kale ali ndi titadziwa khungu, kapena amapeza chifukwa matenda kapena kuvulala ndi maso. Anthu a m'badwo okhwima kupita akhungu chifukwa matenda mtima kapena maonekedwe a khungu. Zikatero, ndi corneal kumuika opaleshoni chingathandize adzabwerenso view.

ntchito ya anthu olumala

Ngakhale kuti matupi, anthu akhungu ku Russia ndi mwayi maganizo awo pantchito osiyana. ntchito yawo zikugwira anthu akhungu, amene akuchita chikhalidwe ndi ndale ntchito yophunzitsa anthu olumala. Malo ulamuliro wawo Moscow ndiponso mizinda ina yaikulu. mabuku apadera akhungu ndi lathyathyathya-chizindikiro cha zilembo anthu akhungu mwayi kuphunzira kuwerenga, kulemba, ndi kusindikizidwa.

ndondomeko chiphunzitso

Mu Russia, ndi lamulo maphunziro ana akhungu ndi bwinobwino. ophunzira sukulu kutenga maso a 0,05 kwa 0.2. Wophunzitsa ana a gulu ntchito galasi lokulitsira ndi njira zina kusintha masomphenya. Komanso, wosasintha ntchito ndi zilembo zazikulu. Special sukulu ana wakhungu kwathunthu ndi masomphenya kuti 0,05. Maphunziro pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyana ndi zooneka accented ndi kumva kukhudza. The malaibulale akhungu ndi Audio mwachizolowezi ndi mabuku ofunika akhungu. The Russian State Library kwa akhungu (waukulu mu dziko lathu kukhazikitsidwa kwa mtundu uwu) amapereka madalitso apadera. Izi, makamaka, osati mabuku tatchulazi, komanso gulu lalikulu la zitsanzo yothandiza buku, moti anthu imfa masomphenya kuphunzira zosiyanasiyana zinthu, ndi kumva iwo.

Kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono kompyuta

An zina m'malo zipsera ndi audiobooks. Iwo akhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito kumvetsera staging (s Kuimaima, zigawo) ndi kumayimba digito player. Zopereka ndi odzipereka, ndi kuti malo apadera kulenga audiobooks, free kumvera ndi kufalitsa. Yopangidwa ndi anayamba zipangizo zosiyanasiyana kuti m'malo diso. Zithunzi-chitsanzo m'malo zida (kusodza "chogwirika masomphenya") ndi watsopano kampani kabisidwe njira ndi popereka chizindikiro. Publications, amene akhungu ntchito (Russian), kiyibodi ndi kuwonetsera, kuthandiza anthu olumala ntchito ndi malemba, kulenga ndi kusintha iwo. kulankhula Special pa maziko a dongosolo jenereta, amene mudziwe angathe kuwerenga kwa zenera, Ikuonetsanso chopereka yaikulu moyo wathunthu wa anthu akhungu.

akhungu

Iyi ndi njira yapadera yophunzitsa kuwerenga ndi kulemba kwa akhungu. Iwo anayamba kupanga mu 1824. France Louis akhungu (FR. Louis Braill), mwana wa yokonza nsapato, pa zaka zitatu anaiwala yake kutupa pambuyo anavulala diso ndi choboolera. Pa fifitini, Analenga kutsatira njira ndi kuwerenga makalata. Pambuyo pake dzina lake ndi dzina la Mlengi.

akhungu Zilembo za anthu akhungu anali kusiyana kwa chizindikiro mzere mtundu otchulidwa Valentina Gayui. Ndi kumanga mnyamata anakankhira "usiku Njira" mwakuchita mkulu wa zida zankhondo Sharlem Barbe (FR. Charles Barbier) kuwerenga malipoti asilikali mu mdima. The sangathe wa dongosolo Barbier anali zizindikiro zazikulu kwambiri, Kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha iwo pa tsamba. Kugwiritsa kusindikiza akhungu, anthu akhungu kuphunzira kuwerenga ndi kulemba. njira zimenezi kumathandiza kuti chitukuko cha maluso a galamala, zopumira, kalembedwe. Komanso, pogwiritsa ntchito njirayi, akhungu kapena bwinobwino akhoza kukumana matchati zovuta ndi zithunzi.

kapangidwe

akhungu ndi chiyani? Kodi chizindikiro ndi kuwerenga? The makalata akhungu awa akuimira ndi mfundo zisanu ndi imodzi kugawa ndendende magawo awiri. lemba limeneli kuwerenga kuchokera kumanja mpaka kumanzere, ndipo iye anali kupita kuchokera kumanzere kupita kumanja patsamba lotsatira. Komabe, pali Kuvuta zina mu maganizo a zilembo izi. Iwo kwagona kuti lemba limeneli kuwerenga pa tsamba kumbuyo kwa protuberances pa zipsera dzanja ena atabayidwa. Mfundo liwerengedwa kuchokera pamwamba mpaka pansi nsanamira ndi kuwerenga choyamba lamanja, ndiye mbali ya kumanzere. Kodi zimenezi zimachitika? Chapamwamba pomwe ngodya - kupeza mfundo 1. Mu ndi 2. ngodya m'munsi lamanja la kumanzere amatenga 3 - 4 mpando udindo, ndiye pansi - 5, ndi pa ngodya wamanzere - 6.

Ena tiflopedagogi zoperekedwa kwa kusinthanitsa 1 ndi 3, koma pempholo anali sagwirizana. Kenako anakafika akhungu (Russian, makamaka) Chinawonjezeka pa 3 ndi 7 pansi 6. Cell 8 popanda puncture - ndi chizindikiro yeniyeni. Pali ambiri amavomereza mfundo zoti kukula kwa mfundo ndi mtunda pakati pawo ndi mizati ya. Kutalika osachepera mlingo wokwanira kuzindikira - 0.5 mm. 2.5 - ndi imeneyi pakati punctures ya; 3,75 mamilimita kudutsa, 5 mm vertically - ndi mtunda pakati pa maselo. Kapangidwe Ichi chizathandiza akhungu mwamsanga ndipo mosavuta adziwe maluso a kuwerenga, mosavuta kuzindikira zizindikiro kukhudza.

Kusindikizidwa mapepala a malemba akhungu ndi akamagwiritsa osiyana. Koma mwambo Russia akuti ndi pepala chikukhudza mizere twente-faifi a m'nkhaniyi makumi atatu ndi makumi awiri ndi kuchuluka okwana makumi awiri ndi zitatu kuti sate wani centimeter. Kwa anthu ndi imfa masomphenya akhungu akhungu - njira yokhayo imene munthu akhoza kuphunzira kuwerenga ndi kulemba. Pogwiritsa ntchito maluso amenewa, anthu olumala osati kulemba ndi ufulu komanso ndi mwayi wopeza ntchito.

Kodi dongosolo ntchito?

Akhungu zikuphatikizapo 63 nkhani khalidwe ndi danga (Mphindi 64). dongosolo yaitali ili ndi zilembo 255. Mu izo, monga mwachizolowezi, monga kusiyana alipo. Popeza kuti chiwerengero cha ma osiyana mfundo yochepa, zizindikiro zambiri ntchito ndi multicellular. Iwo amakhala ndi zizindikiro zingapo kuti payekha ndi ntchito zawo. zilembo zina zingagwiritsidwe ntchito (manambala, zazikulu ndi lowercase zilembo). Aliyense chosaiwalika kaphatikizidwe mfundo zingapo khalidwe, chiwerengero omwe mwina upambana khumi.

Akhungu umagwiritsidwa ntchito pepala mwa zinthu zapadera olembedwa - chida chapadera ndi pensulo pa. Pachifukwa chimenechi, mwina kusintha kulikonse kwa kasinthidwe, Kugawilidwa kwanthaka, kukula, mawonekedwe a zilembo zotheka. Anavomera kupereka m'nkhaniyi ndi zizindikiro zapadera. Iwo anayikidwa pamaso makalata chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi-choncho. Ngati pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zilembo, zizindikiro izi adzakhala adzaikidwa pambuyo pa Kugawilidwa kwanthaka mawu kapena mbali ziganizo. Masamu muzu, chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi index chizindikiro chapadera pa mbali zonse. Kuti akonze lemba kapena mbali zili m'mawu, izo aikidwa pakati pa chizindikiro chapadera - makonzedwe Tags. Apa tikhoza kuona kufanana kwina ndi dongosolo HTML. Komanso adzakhala ntchito Tags.

mbali kalembedwe

Akhungu ali mbali khalidwe mawu a kumanga ake. Iwo MUKACHULUKIDWE kusintha zina malamulo kalembedwe. Choncho, akhungu munthu amene waphunzira lemba kudzera dongosolo ( "brailist"), adzalola zina zolakwika pamene ntchito nthawi zonse, osati kusinthidwa kwa olumala kompyuta. Akhungu ndi osiyana ochiritsira ndi zizindikiro zotsatirazi:

- kalata likulu sakutchulidwa;

- pambuyo koma ndi danga pamaso mukapeza si kuika;

- palibe kusiyana umene umawalekanitsa chiwerengero chizindikiro ndi chiwerengero;

- wina ndi kalembedwe chomwecho ntchito zilembo zofanana (a mukapeza ndi hyphen - chizindikiro chokha a dongosolo la zopumira).

Chotero zolakwika kalembedwe ali ponseponse kulemba zilembo za anthu akhungu. anthu akhungu kupewa iwo, mpaka patapita maphunziro apadera zina.

auchimo

Ntchito ma osiyana mfundo selo limodzi umabala akhungu kalata alifabeti, M'ndandanda, zizindikiro nyimbo. The mayina a dongosolo kulemba mawu ena ndi makalata, kompyuta ndi zizindikiro masamu, maikwezhoni. Akhungu - njira kumanga luso galamala, zopumira, kalembedwe anthu akhungu. Komanso dongosolo yosavuta limafotokoza chintchito kupezeka ndi matchati kuti kufotokoza kulalatira zovuta.

phindu

Popeza katswiri akhungu, mwana wakhungu akhoza kuyamba kupezana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kompyuta ndi kuwonetsera wapadera ndi chosindikizira wapadera. malemba amati mkombaphala ya manja kapena onse. Amaonekera kwa kukhudza, mwamsanga anamvetsa chifukwa cha lightness ndi compactness mwawo. Buku ili anafuna kuphunzitsa anthu woona dongosolo akhungu kunyumba. Izi kupereka mwayi kumanga kulankhulana ndi anthu unseeing banja, usazilembe cholembedwa kapena kusiya nambala ya foni. N'kofunikanso kuti anthu woona kuphunzira kuwerenga zimene iwo kulemba munthu amene anaphunzitsidwa akhungu. Zidzakhala kulankhula popanda kuyimira kwa ena. bukuli angathe kugwiritsa ntchito aphunzitsi a sukulu ndi madokotala.

njira ya kutsatira

Monga tanena ndi chogwirika akhungu anatulukira njira kuliwerenga anthu akhungu ndi bwinobwino. Mfundo yodalirika mfundo zochokera pa za zolembera asanu ndi limodzi (cell). Iwo anakonza mu mizere iwiri ya zilembo zitatu. The mfundo ndi dongosolo losiyana mkati mwa selo, kupanga gulu zamalankhulidwe. Zizindikiro kutsatira dongosolo makamaka: kumanzere 1, 2, 3 kuchokera pamwamba pansi, ndi ufulu womwewo ndime - 4, 5, 6.

1 4 *

2 * 5 *

3 * 6 *

Choncho zoona, anapanga akhungu. Kodi kuphunzira njira imeneyi?

umisiri

Akhungu chipangizo ndi pensulo, makina olembera - izi ndi zipangizo za ntchito ulaliki wa zilembo za anthu akhungu. A pepala, akachita pakati pa zitsulo kapena mbale pulasitiki Chalk awiri, clamped iwo. The kumtunda ali ndi mndandanda wa mazenera amakona anayi, ndipo pansi - lolingana lililonse indentation zenera. The mbale selo ndi ofanana ndi selo akhungu. chizindikiro aumbike mwa mavuto patsogolo mu pepala. M'kati mu mbale pansi pamene kufinya kupereka zizindikiro zina. Zolemba amasindikizidwa kuchokera kumanja mpaka kumanzere, chifukwa mawuwo ndi kusewera tsidya lina la chipepalacho. Mzati ndi manambala 1, 2, 3 ili kumanja, ndi 4, 5, 6 - kuchokera kumanzere. Akhungu makina olembera tichipeza makiyi asanu. Iwo zizigwirizana mfundo 6 mchipindamo. Komanso pano kutsinde makina olembera chogwirira mzere-chakudya, komanso "akubwerera" ndi "akusowekapo". Makiyi amene khalidwe aumbike, ndi kumkanikiza imodzi. Motero, aliyense kalata limafanana imachepa.

Ku "malo" Kumanja ndi kumanzere ndi mabatani atatu. Taonani mmene ndi kukanikiza. The index chala cha dzanja lake lamanzere ayenera akanikizire batani pafupi ndi "malo". Ndi mfundo muyenera 1. Press batani kumanzere. Chala chapakati cha dzanja chomwecho kunyamula chizindikiro cha kufika 2. Kuti tichite zimenezi, tilimbikire chinsinsi pakati. Ziyenera kukhala pambuyo pa logwirizana ndi mfundo 1. mayina mbamuikha chinsinsi lomaliza. Iwo limafanana ndi mfundo 3. zala za dzanja lake pitani pomwe mbali ina ya chinsinsi. Choyamba, inali mwachindunji pafupi ndi "danga", limafanana mpaka 4. index chala chake mbamuikha. Kenako - limafanana kuwalozera 5. ayenera akanikizire chala chapakati. kiyi Last limafanana ndi mfundo 6. Dinani pa chala chake. Choncho, manja onse chinkhoswe ndi tracings. "Space" aikidwa chala. Ankayimira malemba angathe kuwerenga popanda akusandutsa pepala.

Pomaliza

Lophunzira dongosolo akhungu mufunikira khama. Mark mosadziwa anaperekedwa pa malo olakwika akhoza kusintha manambala mu foni nambala, mwachitsanzo. Koma mphamvu imene pa wosasintha phunziro akhungu, sati pachabe. Chinthu chachikulu - ndi cholinga ndi kuyesetsa kupeza zotsatira zabwino.