Mwachangu a injini kutentha. Mwachangu a injini kutentha - chilinganizo

zenizeni Modern amafuna injini kutentha ntchito waukulu. ambiri ayesetsa m'malo mwa Motors magetsi pamene akukumana ndi kulephera. mavuto obwera ndi kudzikundikira mphamvu mu kachitidwe yoyenda yokha, ndi kuthetsedwa ndi vuto lalikulu.

Komabe mavuto zogwirizana wa zotsimikizira luso mphamvu batire zochokera ntchito zawo yaitali. Liwiro makhalidwe a magalimoto magetsi ali kutali ndi anthu magalimoto, injini kuyaka mkati.

Njira choyamba polenga injini hybrid angathe kuchepetsa mpweya wonunkha m'madera matauni, kuthetsa mavuto a zachilengedwe.

A mbiri pang'ono

Kutheka kusintha kwa mphamvu ya nthunzi mu mphamvu kayendedwe wakhala kuyambira nthawi zakale. 130 BC: Wafilosofi Geron Aleksandriysky anapereka kwa chidole omvera nthunzi - eolipil. Dera wodzazidwa ndi nthunzi, analowa kasinthasintha ukutitsogolera wochokera Jets ake. zinachitika uwu wa chopangira mphamvu ano nthunzi pa nthawi ya ntchito sapezeka.

Kwa zaka zambiri ndi chitukuko m'ma nzeru zapamwamba izo ankaona chabe chidole zosangalatsa. Mu 1629 Italy D. Branca analenga chopangira mphamvu proactive. Mabanja anayambitsa chimbale anapereka ndi masamba.

Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo anayamba kukula mofulumira injini nthunzi.

injini kutentha

Kusintha kwa mphamvu mkati mwa mafuta mu mphamvu za kayendedwe mbali makina ndipo makinawa ntchito injini kutentha.

Main ziwalo za makina: a chotenthetsera (dongosolo kulandira mphamvu kuchokera kunja), thupi ntchito (amachita kuthandiza m'njira), firiji.

chotenthetsera lakonzedwa kuti madzimadzi ntchito kudziunjikira katundu wokwanira wa mphamvu mkati ntchito zothandiza. Firiji akuchotsa mphamvu zopitirira muyeso.

Khalidwe lalikulu la Mwachangu amatchedwa dzuwa la injini kutentha. kuchuluka ikusonyeza zimene gawo la mphamvu mwakhama Kutentha zinathera kuchita ntchito zothandiza. The apamwamba dzuwa, ntchito zaphindu za makina, koma mtengo uwu mwina upambana 100%.

Mawerengedwe a Mwachangu

Tiyeni chotenthetsera kunja anapeza mphamvu wofanana Q _1. Zida thupi anachita ntchito A, pamene mphamvu anapatsidwa firiji anali Q _2.

Kuchokera pa mtima, tiyenera kuwerengera phindu Mwachangu:

η = A / Q _1. Tingayerekezere kuti A = Q ₁ - Q _2.

Choncho dzuwa olimbana kutentha, chilinganizo cha lopatsidwa mwa η = (Q ₁ - Q ₂₎ / Q ₁ = 1 - Q ₂ / Q _1, amalola mfundo zotsatirazi:

• Mwachangu akhoza musalumphe 1 (kapena 100%);
• kudzapeza kuchuluka uyu ayenera kuwonjezera kapena mphamvu kuwapeza chotenthetsera, kapena kuchepa mphamvu anapatsidwa firiji;
• kuwonjezeka chotenthetsera mphamvu kukwaniritsa kusintha khalidwe mafuta;
• kuchepetsa mphamvu, amapereka firiji, kulola kuti tikwaniritse kapangidwe ka injini.

Yabwino kutentha injini

Kodi chilengedwe cha injini ngati n'kotheka, dzuwa la amene adzakhala pazipita (mu abwino ndi - ofanana 100%)? Kupeza yankho la funso limeneli anayesa French wasayansi yoyendetsa luso Sadi Carnot. Mu 1824 kuwerengetsera wake ongolankhula za njira kunachitika mpweya atamasulidwa.

Ganizo zikuluzikulu zili mu makina abwino tinganene kuti khalidwe kusintha njira ndi mafuta abwino. Kuyambira ndi yowonjezera isothermally mpweya pa kutentha T _1. Kuchuluka kwa kutentha chofunika Mwaichi, - Q _1. gasi popanda kuwonjezera kutentha (ndondomeko adiabatic). Atafika kutentha T _2, gasi ndi wothinikizidwa isothermally ndi kudutsa ndi firiji mphamvu Q _2. gasi kubwerera ku boma wapachiyambi imagwiridwa adiabatically.

Mwachangu wa abwino Carnot kutentha injini ndi mawerengedwe lenileni chiŵerengero cha kutentha kusiyana pakati pa Kutentha ndi chipangizo yozizira ndi kutentha, amene ali muzitentha. Izo zikuwoneka ngati izi: η = (T ₁ - T ₂₎ / T _1.

N'zotheka matenthedwe dzuwa la makina, zomwe chilinganizo ali mawonekedwe: η = 1 - T ₂ / T _1, zimatengera yekha pa mtengo wa chotenthetsera komanso wozizira kutentha ndipo sangakhale woposa 100%.

Ndiponso, ubwenzi umenewu imathandiza munthu kutsimikizira kuti dzuwa la injini kutentha akhoza kukhala wolingana ndi umodzi kokha pamene firiji mtheradi ziro kutentha. Monga amadziwika, phindu izi sizingatheke.

kuwerengetsera ongolankhula Carnot kulola kudziwa Mwachangu pazipita kutentha injini ya kapangidwe iliyonse.

Lingaliro Lovomerezeka kutsimikiziridwa Carnot ndi motere. Umasinthasintha kutentha injini m'mikhalidwe sangathe kukhala dzuwa kuposa makhalidwe a abwino dzuwa kutentha engine.

Chitsanzo cha vuto kuthetsa

CHITSANZO 1. Kodi dzuwa la abwino injini kutentha, pamene chotenthetsera kutentha ndi 800 C ndi ^kutentha kwa firiji 500 ^C pansipa?

T ₁ = 800 ^{° C} = 1073 K, ΔT = 500 ^{° C} = 500 K, η -?

yankho;

Ndi tanthauzo: η = (T ₁ - T ₂₎ / T _1.

Ife sanali kupatsidwa kutentha kwa firiji, koma ΔT = (T ₁ - T _2), choncho:

η = ΔT / T ₁ = 500K / 1073 K = 0,46.

Yankho: Mwachangu = 46%.

2. Kudziwa ndi dzuwa la abwino injini kutentha, ngati chifukwa mphamvu anapeza munthu kilojoules chotenthetsera anachita zothandiza ntchito 650 J. Kodi kutentha kwa chotenthetsera cha kutentha injini ngati coolant kutentha -. 400 K?

Q ₁ = 1 KJ = 1000 J A = 650 J, T ₂ = 400 K, η - ?, T ₁ =?

yankho;

Mu ntchito iyi, ndi unsembe ikukhudzana Mwachangu amene akhoza kuchita masamu mfundo:

η = A / Q _1.

Kuti mudziwe kutentha kwa chotenthetsera ntchito chilinganizo dzuwa la abwino injini kutentha:

η = (T ₁ - T ₂₎ / T ₁ = 1 - T ₂ / T _1.

Kuchita masinthidwe masamu timapeza:

T ₁ = T ₂ / (1- η).

T ₁ = T ₂ / (1- A / Q _1).

Ife kugwira ntchito zowerengetsa:

η = 650 J / 1000 J = 0,65.

T = 400 K ₁ / (1- 650 J / 1000 J) = 1142.8 K.

Yankho: η = 65%, T ₁ = 1142.8 K.

zinthu zenizeni

Yabwino kutentha injini cholinga ndi njira yabwino. amagwira ntchitoyo yekha mu njira isothermal, izo limanenedwa ngati m'dera njanjira ndi Zithunzi za Carnot mkombero.

Ndipotu, polenga zinthu otaya kusintha udindo mpweya pochita popanda m'munsili kusintha kutentha sangakhale. No zomangira, zimene amapatula kutentha ndi kuzizira ndi zinthu ozungulira. Adiabatic ndondomeko kumakhala kovuta kuchita. Pa nkhani ya kutentha ndi kuzizira mpweya kutentha ayenera kusintha.

Mwachangu makina matenthedwe analenga zinthu lenileni kusiyana kwambiri kwa dzuwa yabwino injini. Onani kuti otaya njira mu injini kwenikweni zimachitika mofulumira kwambiri kuti kusintha kwa mkati matenthedwe mphamvu ya ntchito mankhwala mu ndondomeko ya kusintha buku yake si kulipidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa kutentha kuchuluka kwa chotenthetsera ndi kubwerera ozizira.

injini zina kutentha

injini Real ntchito pa m'zinthu zosiyanasiyana:

• Otto mkombero zonse buku ndondomeko ndi kusintha adiabatic kupanga chatsekedwa kuzungulira;
• Dizilo mkombero isobar, adiabatic, isochore, adiabatic;
• gasi chopangira mphamvu: ndondomeko zikuchitika pa sanasiye kutiuza, adiabatic m'malo atseka ndi kuzungulira.

Pangani ndi njira mgwirizano mu injini kwenikweni (kuti kuyandikira kwa ganizoli) zipangizo zamakono sizingatheke. Dzuwa la injini kutentha ndi kwambiri m'munsi, ngakhale kuti pali mavuto omwewo kutentha monga yabwino kolowera kutentha.

Koma si koyenera kuchepetsa ntchito mawerengedwe chilinganizo Mwachangu wa Carnot adzizungulira, momwe ziliri, kumakhaladi Buku mfundo ndondomeko ya kusintha dzuwa la injini kwenikweni.

Njira kusintha Mwachangu

Kudzera tikayerekezera injini abwino ndi enieni kutentha, tisaiwale kuti kutentha lotsiriza la firiji sangakhale umasinthasintha. Kawirikawiri firiji mukukhulupirira m'mlengalenga. Kutenga kutentha mpweya wa mungathe kuwerengetsera okha pafupifupi. Perekani chitsanzo chosonyeza kuti coolant kutentha ndi utsi mpweya mu injini, monga izo zimachitika mu injini mkati kuyaka (chidule monga DVS).

DIC - ambiri m'dziko lathu la injini kutentha. Mwachangu kutentha injini Pankhaniyi zimadalira kutentha analengedwa ndi moto mafuta. Kusiyana ofunikira injini nthunzi DIC ndi maphatikizidwe chotenthetsera ntchito ndi zikugwira ntchito thupi chipangizo mu osakaniza mpweya mafuta. Kutentha chisakanizo amalenga kuthamanga pa mbali yoyamikira injini.

Kulera ntchito mpweya kutentha zimatheka, kwambiri kusintha katundu wa mafuta. Mwatsoka, n'zosatheka kuchita popanda malire. nkhani iliyonse ya yomanga chipinda injini kuyaka ali mfundo zake limatsogolera. Kulimbikira matenthedwe wa zomangira - khalidwe yaikulu ya injini, komanso kwambiri bwanji Mwachangu lapansi.

Mwachangu mfundo injini

Ngati tikulingalira nthunzi chopangira mphamvu, kutentha kwa ntchito nthunzi polowera umene uli wofanana 800 K, ndi utsi mpweya - 300 K, dzuwa za makina ndi wofanana 62%. Koma zoona zake n'zakuti, mtengo uwu si upambana 40%. kuchepetsa Izi zimachitika chifukwa imfa kutentha pa Kutentha chopangira mphamvu nyumba.

Mtengo wapatali kwambiri wa dzuwa la injini kuyaka mkati si upambana 44%. Kuwonjezeka mtengo uwu - funso posachedwapa. Kusintha katundu ndi zipangizo, mafuta - ichi ndi vuto limene ntchito maganizo abwino a anthu.