Mtheradi ziro: mbiri ya chotulukira ndi ntchito lofunika

Thupi mfundo "ziro mtheradi" ndi sayansi yamakono Nkofunika: izo kumagwirizana ndi mfundo ngati superconductivity, kutsegula kwa amene analenga furor mu theka lachiwiri la zaka mazana makumi awiri.

Pofuna kumvetsa ndi ziro mtheradi, amanena kuti ntchito za sayansi amenewa otchuka, monga G. Fahrenheit, Celsius, A., J. Gay-Lussac ndi William Thomson. Iwo ankasewera ndi mbali yofunika chilengedwe ntchito kufikira tsopano mamba waukulu kutentha.

Choyamba kutentha lonse wake akufuna mu 1714, German sayansi G. Fahrenheit. Choncho kwa ziro mtheradi, ndiyo mfundo wotsikitsitsa lonse lapansi, kutentha kwa osakaniza linatengedwa, zimene zinaphatikizapo chisanu ndi ammonia. Zofunika Chinthu chotsatira chinali adalinso thupi kutentha, amene anali wofanana ndi 1000. Choncho, aliyense Chigawo cha sikelo limatchedwa "madigiri Fahrenheit" ndi sikelo palokha - ". Fahrenheit"

Patatha zaka 30 Swedish zakuthambo A. Celsius akufuna kutentha lonse kumene madontho amafotokoza ayezi limatsogolera kutentha ndi kuwira mfundo ya madzi. lonse ili dzina lake "Celsius", komabe ambiri ku mayiko ambiri a dziko, kuphatikizapo mu Russia.

Mu chaka 1802, swiping zatsopano wake wotchuka a ku France wasayansi J. Gay Lussac anapeza kuti buku Unyinji wa mafuta pa sanasiye kutiuza mwachindunji amadalira kutentha. Koma chidwi kwambiri chinali chakuti pamene kutentha 10 centigrade, kuchuluka kwa ukuwonjezeka mpweya kapena amachepetsa ndi yofanana. Kupanga kuwerengetsera zofunika, Gay-Lussac anapeza kuti mtengo uwu ndi wofanana 1/273 buku mpweya pa kutentha 0C.

Ku chilamulo ichi anatsatira ndiye kuti kutentha ndi wofanana -2730S ndi yozizira kwambiri, ngakhale akubwera kumapeto, sikutheka kuti apindule. Iwo kutentha uyu akutchedwa "ziro mtheradi."

Komanso, ziro mtheradi Kodi mfundo kuyambira polenga dziko mtheradi kutentha lonse nawo yogwira imene anatenga sayansi British William Thomson, amene amadziwikanso kuti Lord Kelvin.

kafukufuku yake yaikulu nkhawa umboni kuti palibe bungwe mu chikhalidwe, sakhoza utakhazikika poyerekeza ziro mtheradi. Komabe, iye anagwiritsa ntchito yachiwiri malamulo yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe, kotero, anayambitsa iwo mu 1848, Mtheradi kutentha lonse anadziwika monga thermodynamic kapena "Kelvin lonse."

Mu zaka ndi zaka zinachitika chabe mfundo n'zosangalatsa kumva za maganizo "ziro mtheradi", amene pambuyo approvals ambiri ankaona -273,150S ofanana.

Iwo ayenera kukumbukira kuti ziro mtheradi kumathandiza kwambiri pa dongosolo SI. Chinthu kuti mu 1960, pa wotsatira Conference General pa poyeza Unit wa thermodynamic kutentha - Kelvin - anakhala mmodzi wa mayunitsi asanu waukulu kayesedwe. Choncho makamaka zinati munthu digiri Kelvin numerically Angafanane ndi digiri ya Celsius, kupatula kuti "Kelvin" mfundo patchulidwa ankaona kuti ziro mtheradi, i.e. -273,150S.

Kuweta thupi tanthauzo la ziro mtheradi imakhala chakuti, malinga ndi malamulo zofunika sayansi, pa kutentha iyi mphamvu za kayendedwe particles pulayimale monga ma atomu ndi mamolekyulu ndi wofanana ndi ziro, ndipo mu nkhani iyi kusiya zoyenda aliyense mwachisawawa particles zomwezi. Pa kutentha mtheradi ziro, maatomu ndi tinthu kutenga malo momveka bwino mfundo zazikulu za kophimba Krustalo, kupanga analamula dongosolo.

Panopa ntchito zipangizo zina zapadera ofufuza adakhoza kuti kutentha kwa yokha ppm ochepa kuposa ziro mtheradi. Pofuna kukwaniritsa izi zinkachitikira yomweyo thupi zosatheka chifukwa pamwambapa anafotokoza lamulo lachiwiri yopezeka m'zinthu zachilengedwe.